Table 5 Predictors of catastrophic health expenditure calculated with out-of-pocket payment (including and excluding the cost of transportation)

Age (years)

 18–65

 65 and above (elderly)

1

1.05

0.32–3.48

1

0.57

0.13–2.47

Gender

 Female

 Male

1

0.50

0.15–1.68

1

0.74

0.21–2.54

HH income Quintiles

 Q1

 Q2

 Q3

 Q4 and Q5

1

0.06

0.12

0.04

0.01-0.50-2

0.03–0.57

0.00-0.31

1

0.08

0.14

0.04

0.01–0.62

0.03–0.68

0.01–0.36

Ethnicity

 Malay

 Indian

 Others

1

0.58

1.01

0.19–1.76

0.19–5.20

1

0.60

1.53

0.17–2.04

0.28–8.24

Asthma control

 Poorly controlled

 Well-controlled

1

0.50

0.15–1.60

1

0.47

0.13–1.76