Table 2 Characteristics of the articles included in the review
From: Nudging healthcare professionals in clinical settings: a scoping review of the literature
Author/year/ reference | Country | Design | Objective | Setting | Nudging strategies | Nudging medium | Statistically significant positive results? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birnbach et al. 2013 [29] | USA | RCT (simulated environment) | Improve hand hygiene compliance | Novice health care providers from collaborating medical school | Environmental cueing/priming | Physical environment | Yes |
Bourdeaux et al. 2016 [30] | England | Prospective controlled pre-post study (time series analysis) | Increase use of low TVe ventilation in ICU | Tertiary care ICU unit | Defaults/pre-orders; Alerts/reminders | Medical device/machine; Electronic dashboard | Yes |
Lewis et al. 2019 [31] | England | Prospective controlled pre-post study (time series analysis) | Reduce unnecessary CT usage | 2 hospitals | Environmental cueing/priming | Test results | Yes |
Langley et al. 2018 [32] | England | Retrospective pre-post study (time series analysis) | Evaluate whether providing information on the cost of drugs to clinicians would modify total expenditure | Acute medical hospital | Information transparency | EHR | No |
Probst et al. 2013 [33] | USA | Randomized vignette-based study | Study the effect of opt-in, opt-out, and recommended order sets on laboratory orders | Physicians at a collaborating hospital | Defaults/pre-orders | EHR | Yes |
Tannenbaum et al. 2014 [34] | USA | Randomized vignette-based study | Improve guideline concordance for acute respiratory infection treatment | GPs in the greater Chicago area | Defaults/pre-orders | EHR | Yes |
Soon et al. 2018 [35] | Australia | Randomized vignette-based study | Improve guideline concordance for lower back pain treatment | GPs across Australia | Defaults/pre-orders | EHR | Yes |
Meeker et al. 2014 [36] | USA | RCT | Increase compliance with antibiotic prescription guidelines | 5 primary practice clinics | Environmental cueing/priming | Physical environment | Yes |
Yadav et al. 2019 [37] | USA | RCT | Improve guideline concordance for acute respiratory infection treatment | 5 Emergency Departments and 4 Urgent Care Centers | Peer comparison; Environmental cueing/priming, | Physical environment, Email | Yes |
Caris et al. 2018 [38] | The Netherlands | Prospective pre-post study | Improve hand hygiene compliance | Two general medicine hospital wards | Environmental cueing/priming | Physical environment | Yes |
King et al. 2016 [39] | USA | RCT | Improve hand hygiene compliance | Surgical ICU unit | Environmental cueing/priming | Physical environment | Yes |
Orloski et al. 2019 [40] | USA | Prospective controlled pre-post study | Improve patient experience by having providers sit down during examination | Two emergency departments | Environmental cueing/priming | Physical environment | Yes |
Meeker et al. 2016 [41] | USA | RCT | Improve guideline concordance for acute respiratory infection treatment | 47 primary care practices | Peer comparison; Accountable justification; Suggested alternatives | EHR; Email | Yes |
O’Reilly-Shah et al. 2018 [42] | USA | Prospective pre-post study with cross-over | Improve compliance with lung-protective ventilation strategies during general anaesthesia | 2 academic hospitals, 2 non-academic hospitals and 2 academic surgery centres | Defaults/pre-orders; Feedback | Medical device/machine; Email | Yes |
Kwok et al. 2016 [43] | Australia | Prospective pre-post study | Improve hand hygiene compliance | 2 hospital wards (medical and surgical) | Feedback; Goal setting, | Email; Routine activities | No |
Patel et al. 2018 [44] | USA | RCT | Increase guideline-concordant statin prescriptions | 32 primary care clinics | Alerts/reminders; Active choice; Peer comparison | Email, Electronic dashboard | Yes |
Lehmann et al. 2016 [45] | The Netherlands | RCT | Improve influenza vaccination rates of staff | Tertiary care center | Defaults/pre-orders | No | |
Schmidtke et al. 2019 [46] | England | RCT | Improve influenza vaccination rates of staff | Hospital | Alerts/reminders | Letter | No |
Harewood et al. 2011 [47] | Ireland | RCT | Evaluate effect of pre-filling sedation syringes on colonoscopy sedation practices | Endoscopy specialist care | Defaults/pre-orders | Routine activities | Yes |
Shakespeare et al. 2018 [48] | Australia | Prospective pre-post study | Improve administration of analgesic medications after Caesarean section | Tertiary teaching hospital | Education; Defaults/pre-orders | Routine activities | Yes |
Arora et al. 2019 [49] | USA | Prospective pre-post study | Improve inpatient sleep | 2 general medicine hospital wards | Active choice; Environmental cueing/priming; Education | EHR; Physical environment; Routine activities | Yes |
Kim et al. 2018 [50] | USA | Retrospective controlled study | Increase influenza vaccination rates and remove any variation due to appointment time | 11 primary care clinics | Active choice | EHR | Yes |
Patel et al. 2017 [51] | USA | Retrospective controlled pre-post study | Increase influenza vaccination rates | 3 primary care clinics | Active choice | EHR | Yes |
Malhotra et al. 2016 [52] | USA | Retrospective pre-post study | Increase the prescription of generic medication | Multispeciality practice | Defaults/pre-orders | EHR | Yes |
Monsen et al. 2019 [53] | USA | RCT | Reduce prescription of high-cost (low-value) medication | 58 primary care and 152 specialty care clinics | Active choice | EHR | Yes |
Sedrak et al. 2017 [54] | USA | RCT | Reduce unecessary inpatient tests | 3 hospitals | Information transparency | EHR | No |
Sharma et al. 2019 [55] | USA | RCT | Reduce imaging tests for patient undergoing palliative radiotherapy | 5 radiation oncology practices | Defaults/pre-orders | EHR | Yes |
Bourdeaux et al. 2013 [56] | England | Retrospective pre-post study | Increase prescription of chlorhexidine mouthwash and reduce the prescription of hydroxyethylstarch to patients in ICU | Tertiary care ICU unit | Defaults/pre-orders | EHR | Yes |
Panattoni et al. 2018 [57] | USA | Retrospective pre-post study | Increase compliance with diabetes preventive care (use of routine glycated hemoglobin) | Ambulatory healthcare system | Alerts/reminders; Defaults/pre-orders | EHR | Yes |
Holt et al. 2010 [58] | England | RCT | Improve clinical outcomes and data quality related to cardio-vascular disease | 19 primary care clinics | Alerts/reminders | EHR | No |