Health services utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures in public and private facilities in Pakistan: an empirical analysis of the 2013–14 OOP health expenditure survey

Table 5 Marginal effects from logistic regression models: factors associated with choosing a private sector provider vs. a public sector provider stratified by type of care

Pr(Private)	Outpatient			Inpatient
	Marginal effect	SE	p-value	Marginal effect	SE	p-value
Gender
Male	Ref.			Ref.
Female	−0.025	0.01	0.02	0.034	0.04	0.41
Age
0 to 5	Ref.			Ref.
6 to 20	−0.003	0.02	0.88	−0.042	0.07	0.52
21 to 40	−0.005	0.02	0.78	−0.018	0.06	0.78
41 to 60	−0.016	0.02	0.37	−0.096	0.07	0.14
> 60	− 0.011	0.02	0.62	−0.024	0.07	0.73
Household wealth quintile
Poorest	Ref.			Ref.
Poorer	0.001	0.02	0.97	−0.010	0.07	0.87
Middle	0.002	0.02	0.93	0.058	0.06	0.34
Richer	0.058	0.02	0.001	0.004	0.06	0.95
Richest	0.075	0.02	< 0.001	0.082	0.06	0.19
Region
Rural	0.001	0.01	0.92	0.112	0.04	0.001
Province
Punjab	Ref.			Ref.
Sindh	0.062	0.01	< 0.001	0.053	0.04	0.14
KP	−0.133	0.02	< 0.001	−0.185	0.04	< 0.001
Balochistan	− 0.187	0.03	< 0.001	−0.065	0.06	0.30
Household size
1–4	Ref.			Ref.
5–8	−0.050	0.01	< 0.001	0.028	0.04	0.53
9–12	−0.051	0.02	0.001	−0.033	0.05	0.54
13+	−0.060	0.03	0.03	−0.026	0.07	0.72
Type of illness
Communicable	Ref.			Ref.
Accident/Injury	−0.107	0.05	0.04	0.005	0.08	0.95
Chronic	−0.014	0.02	0.40	−0.095	0.06	0.13
Childbirth	N/A			0.056	0.06	0.38
Other female reproductive health concerns	−0.053	0.03	0.08	0.159	0.08	0.05
Other illness	0.033	0.01	0.02	−0.008	0.06	0.89
N	6770			1199
Pseudo R-squared	0.06			0.06

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