Table 1 Demographics, indicator variables and health outcomes by class (N = 752)
Total (N = 752) | Class 1: Frail, cognitively impaired, physically dependent (N = 103, 13.7%) | Class 2: Pre-frail but largely physically independent (N = 323, 43%) | Class 3: Physically independent (N = 326, 43.3%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age (year) | < 0.001 | ||||
> 65 years | 511 (68) | 93 (90.3) | 271 (83.9) | 147 (45.1) | |
≤ 65 years | 241 (32) | 10 (9.7) | 52 (16.1) | 179 (54.9) | |
Range | 20, 98 | 30, 98 | 35, 97 | 20, 95 | |
Gender, n (%) | 0.018 | ||||
Female | 394 (52.4) | 66 (64.1) | 171 (52.9) | 157 (48.2) | |
Male | 358 (47.6) | 37 (35.9) | 152 (47.1) | 169 (51.8) | |
Race, n (%) | 0.039 | ||||
Chinese | 588 (78.2) | 78 (75.7) | 268 (83.0) | 242 (74.2) | |
Indian | 69 (9.2) | 10 (9.7) | 28 (8.7) | 31 (9.5) | |
Malay | 77 (10.2) | 10 (9.7) | 24 (7.4) | 43 (13.2) | |
Others | 18 (2.4) | 5 (4.9) | 3 (0.9) | 10 (3.1) | |
Indicator variables | |||||
Religion, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 234 (31.1) | 31 (30.1) | 76 (23.5) | 127 (39.0) | |
Yes | 518 (68.9) | 72 (69.9) | 247 (76.5) | 199 (61.0) | |
Medicine consolidation issues, n (%) | 0.006 | ||||
No | 673 (89.5) | 89 (86.4) | 279 (86.4) | 305 (93.6) | |
Yes | 79 (10.5) | 14 (13.6) | 44 (13.6) | 21 (6.4) | |
Quality of family support, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Absent | 48 (6.4) | 2 (1.9) | 11 (3.4) | 35 (10.7) | |
Dysfunctional | 11 (1.5) | 1 (1.0) | 9 (2.8) | 1 (0.3) | |
Distant | 35 (4.7) | 2 (1.9) | 18 (5.6) | 15 (4.6) | |
Supportive | 658 (87.5) | 98 (95.1) | 285 (88.2) | 275 (84.4) | |
Employment, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Unemployed | 537 (71.4) | 95 (92.2) | 307 (95.0) | 135 (41.4) | |
Retired | 30 (4.0) | 5 (4.9) | 9 (2.8) | 16 (4.9) | |
Employed | 185 (24.6) | 3 (2.9) | 7 (2.2) | 175 (53.7) | |
Clinical insight, n (%) | 0.003 | ||||
No | 45 (6.0) | 5 (4.9) | 30 (9.3) | 10 (3.1) | |
Yes | 707 (94.0) | 98 (95.1) | 293 (90.7) | 316 (96.9) | |
ADL, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Dependent | 46 (6.1) | 46 (44.7) | 0 | 0 | |
Moderate Assist | 56 (7.4) | 46 (44.7) | 10 (3.1) | 0 | |
Minimal Assist | 121 (16.1) | 11 (10.7) | 108 (33.4) | 2 (0.6) | |
Independent | 529 (70.3) | 000 | 205 (63.5) | 324 (99.4) | |
AMT, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
0–6 point(s) | 136 (18.1) | 79 (76.7) | 52 (16.1) | 5 (1.5) | |
7–10 points | 616 (81.9) | 24 (23.3) | 271 (83.9) | 321 (98.5) | |
CFS, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
1–3 point(s) | 322 (42.8) | 0 | 27 (8.4) | 295 (90.5) | |
4–5 points | 292 (38.8) | 9 (8.7) | 253 (78.3) | 30 (9.2) | |
6–8 points | 138 (18.4) | 94 (91.3) | 43 (13.3) | 1 (0.3) | |
CCI score, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
0 points | 39 (5.2) | 2 (1.9) | 0 | 37 (11.3) | |
1 point | 53 (7.0) | 3 (2.9) | 0 | 50 (15.3) | |
2 points | 63 (8.4) | 1 (1.0) | 10 (3.1) | 52 (16.0) | |
≥ 3 points | 597 (79.4) | 97 (94.2) | 313 (96.9) | 187 (57.4) | |
Health outcomes | |||||
Hospital readmission n (%) | |||||
30 days | 112 (14.9) | 18 (17.5) | 59 (18.3) | 35 (10.7) | 0.027 |
90 days | 182 (24.2) | 35 (34.0) | 86 (26.6) | 61 (18.7) | 0.004 |
Mortality, n (%) | |||||
30 days | 22 (2.9) | 7 (6.8) | 12 (3.7) | 3 (0.9) | 0.005 |
90 days | 56 (7.4) | 22 (21.4) | 27 (8.4) | 7 (2.1) | < 0.001 |