Table 2 Detailed risk of bias and quality assessment using the QUIPs tool
Study | Study participation | Study attrition | PMP measurement | Outcome measurement | Study confounding | Statistical analysis and reporting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ali 2017 [24] | moderate | low | moderate | moderate | low | low |
Birk 2017 [43] | low | low | moderate | low | low | low |
Branham 2018 [27] | moderate | low | moderate | low | low | low |
Dave 2017 [44] | low | low | moderate | moderate | low | low |
Delcher 2015 [50] | low | low | low | low | low | moderate |
Kim 2013 [ 51] | low | low | moderate | moderate | low | low |
Kinsell 2015 [ 40] | low | low | low | low | low | moderate |
Li 2014 [ 52] | low | low | low | low | low | low |
Maughan 2015 [ 25] | low | low | low | low | low | low |
Mallatt 2017 [ 55] | low | low | low | low | low | low |
McLaughlin 2016 [ 28] | moderate | low | moderate | moderate | low | low |
Meara 2016 [ 48] | low | low | moderate | moderate | low | low |
Meinhofer 2017 [ 53] | moderate | low | low | low | high | low |
Nam 2017 [ 45] | low | low | moderate | moderate | low | low |
Patrick 2016 [ 47] | low | low | moderate | moderate | moderate | low |
Paulozzi 2011 [ 46] | low | low | moderate | moderate | moderate | low |
Pauly 2018 [ 49] | low | low | low | low | low | low |
Radakrishnan 2015 [ 39] | low | low | moderate | moderate | low | low |
Reifler 2012 [ 42] | low | low | low | low | moderate | low |
Reisman 2009 [ 19] | low | low | low | low | moderate | moderate |
Simeone 2006 [ 41] | low | low | moderate | moderate | high | high |
Surratt 2014 [ 26] | low | low | low | low | moderate | low |
Overall % low | 81.8% | 100.0% | 45.5% | 54.5% | 68.2% | 81.8% |
Overall % moderate | 18.2% | 0.0% | 54.5% | 45.5% | 22.7% | 13.6% |
Overall % high | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 9.1% | 4.6% |