Factors associated with costs and health outcomes in patients with Back and leg pain in primary care: a prospective cohort analysis

Table 5 Generalised linear model with total QALYs at 12 months for the whole group

	Coefficient (SE) n = 557
Constant	0.577 (0.140)^**
General Health
SF-1 general health	−0.079 (0.019)^***
RMDQ	−0.008 (0.004)^**
Pain variables
Duration of current episode of leg pain (< 6 weeks)
6–12 weeks	−0.014 (0.041)
Over 3 months	−0.049 (0.037)
Pain intensity– highest of leg or back pain	−0.066 (0.012)^***
Psychological measures and perceptions
Illness perception:
Identity^d	−0.006 (0.013)
Timeline acute^a (Strongly disagree/disagree/neither)
Agree/strongly agree	−0.079 (0.032)^**
HADs depression	−0.022 (0.004)^***
Personal characteristics
Age	−0.002 (0.001)
Sex (Female)^b	0.067 (0.032)^**
BMI	−0.003 (0.002)
Comorbidities^c	−0.038 (0.036)
Care pathways-unadjusted (0–2 physiotherapy sessions)
3 or more physiotherapy sessions	0.004 (0.032)
Referrals to specialist spinal services	−0.119 (0.051)^**
AIC: 0.99 BIC: − 3333.46

RMDQ Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, SE Standard Error, HADs Hospital and Anxiety Depression scale
^***p < 0.01, ^**p < 0.05
^aTimeline; illness/condition duration: ‘my back and / or leg problem will last for a long time’). Timeline is measured on a Likert scale; strongly disagree - Disagree - Neither agree or disagree - Agree - Strongly agree. For the purposes of the analysis it was dichotomised ((agree (agree, strongly agree) versus disagree (strongly disagree, disagree, neither agree nor disagree))
^bSex is measured as 1 Female 0 Male
^cComorbidities included none, one, 2 or more chest problems, heart problems, raised BP, diabetes, circulation problems in leg(s)
^dIdentity; Symptom attribution to the condition from a list of 7 potential symptoms: back pain, leg pain, unable to sit comfortably, fatigue, stiff joints, sleep difficulties, loss of strength. The score is the sum of symptoms experienced The list of the 7 potential symptoms was chosen by the research team

ISSN: 1472-6963