Quality improvement strategies for organizational change: a multiphase observational study to increase insight into nonparticipating organizations

Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted outcomes for the pre-awareness and post-awareness groups

		Pre-awareness (n = 150)	Post-awareness (n = 150)	Mean difference (95% CI)	p value
Adherence to key items (%)
	Unadjusted mean ± SD	46.1 ± 15.5	53.3 ± 13.3	7.3 (4.0 to 10.5)	< 0.001^a
	Adjusted EMM (95% CI)	54.3 (41.5 to 67.1)	64.0 (51.2 to 76.9)	9.7 (6.9 to 12.5)	< 0.001^b
Time to recovery (days)
	Unadjusted mean ± SD	4.8 ± 2.4	4.9 ± 2.2	0.0 (−0.5 to 0.6)	0.892^a
	Adjusted EMM (95% CI)	4.9 (2.7 to 7.0)	4.6 (2.5 to 6.8)	-0.2 (−0.7 to 0.2)	0.319^b
Length of hospital stay (days)
	Unadjusted mean ± SD	6.4 ± 4.2	6.5 ± 4.1	0.1 (−0.9 to 1.0)	0.874^a
	Adjusted EMM (95% CI)	6.6 (2.6 to 10.7)	6.3 (2.2 to 10.3)	−0.4 (−1.3 to 0.5)	0.419^b

Group differences were tested using the independent samples t-test ^a, or multivariable linear regression models ^b. Linear models were adjusted for age, ASA classification, diagnosis and type of surgery, histological subtype, surgical approach, duration of surgery, and type of additional surgical procedure. Analysis of the log-transformed data on time to recovery and length of hospital stay showed similar results. CI = confidence interval, EMM = estimated marginal mean, n = number of patients, SD = standard deviation

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