From: Improving patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia (2012–2015): trending, improvement and benchmarking
Patient safety grade | Number of events reported | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Patient Safety Culture Composites | ||||
Supervisor/Manager Expectations & Actions Promoting Patient Safety | 1.20 (1.19–1.22) | <0.001 | 1.27 (0.91–1.78) | 0.162 |
Organizational learning and Continuous Improvement | 1.66 (1.55–1.77) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 0.073 |
Teamwork within units | 1.61 (1.59–1.62) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) | <0.001 |
Communication Openness | 1.22 (1.10–1.35) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.90–0.97) | 0.002 |
Feedback and Communications About Error | 1.50 (1.29–1.74) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.282 |
Non-punitive Response to Error | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 0.308 | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 0.029 |
Staffing | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.007 | 0.74 (0.67–0.83) | <0.001 |
Hospital Management Support for Patient Safety | 2.43 (2.09–2.83) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) | <0.001 |
Hospital Handoffs & Transitions | 1.12 (1.11–1.13) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | <0.001 |
Teamwork Across Hospital Units | 1.48 (1.45–1.50) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 0.004 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 | 1 | ||
Female | 0.62 (0.62–0.63) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.45–1.67) | <0.001 |
Age | ||||
Less than 30 years of age | 1 | 1 | ||
Between 30 and 45 | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 0.423 | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 0.641 |
Between 46 and 55 | 1.00 (0.72–1.40) | 0.995 | 0.56 (0.46–0.69) | <0.001 |
Aged above 55 | 1.28 (1.14–1.42) | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.38–0.43) | <0.001 |
Experience at the hospital | ||||
1 to 2 years | 1 | 1 | ||
3 to 5 years | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.21–1.94) | <0.001 |
6 to 10 years | 0.67 (0.57–0.78) | 0.291 | 1.44 (1.35–1.53) | <0.001 |
11 to 15 years | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 0.025 | 1.55 (1.51–1.59) | <0.001 |
16 to 20 years | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) | <0.001 | 2.38 (1.54–3.68) | <0.001 |
More or equal to 21 years | 1.58 (1.55–1.60) | 0.463 | 3.34 (2.53–4.41) | <0.001 |
Highest Degree | ||||
Under High School Level | - | - | 1 | |
High school level | - | - | 0.50 (0.19–1.28) | 0.148 |
Diploma level | - | - | 0.36 (0.12–1.09) | 0.070 |
Bachelors Degree | - | - | 0.65 (0.26–1.62) | 0.354 |
Masters Degree | - | - | 0.49 (0.30–0.81) | 0.005 |
Doctorate Degree | - | - | 0.33 (0.17–0.65) | 0.001 |
Position at the hospital | ||||
Administrator/Manager/Director | 1 | 1 | ||
Physician | 0.50 (0.40–0.64) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.35–0.51) | <0.001 |
Specialist | 1.65 (0.74–3.67) | 0.223 | 0.32 (0.24–0.43) | <0.001 |
Coordinator | 0.65 (0.65–0.65) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.58–1.76) | 0.964 |
Assistant/Aide | 1.89 (1.34–2.67) | <0.001 | 0.27 (0.23–0.31) | <0.001 |
Pharmacist | 0.53 (0.52–0.55) | <0.001 | 2.97 (2.30–3.84) | <0.001 |
Registered Nurse | 0.60 (0.57–0.64) | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.17–0.50) | <0.001 |
Resident/PG/Intern | 0.18 (0.14–0.22) | <0.001 | 0.14 (0.11–0.18) | <0.001 |
Assistant/Clerk/Secretary/Facilitator | 0.65 (0.65–0.65) | 0.611 | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 0.734 |
Technician | 2.84 (2.49–3.24) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.53–0.58) | <0.001 |
Other | 1.04 (0.98–1.12) | 0.189 | 0.19 (0.06–0.63) | 0.006 |
Interaction with patients | ||||
No | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.54–0.76) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
Hospital Size | ||||
Small | 0.56 (0.56–0.57) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.87–0.87) | <0.001 |
Large | 1 | 1 |