From: International changes in end-of-life practices over time: a systematic review
 | 1. Withholding or withdrawal of treatment | 2.1 Use of opioids with possible life shortening effects | 2.2 Use of sedatives with possible life shortening effects | 3.1 Intentional use of lethal drugs self-dministered by patients under patient request | 3.2 Intentional use of lethal drugs, administered by professionals under patient request | 3.3 Intentional use of lethal drugs administered by professionals without patient voluntary request | ||||||||||||||||||
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 |  | (95 % CI) |  |  | (95 % CI) |  |  | (95 % CI) |  |  | (95 % CI) |  |  | (95 % CI) |  |  | (95 % CI) |  | ||||||
Variables | Coefficients | (2.5Â % | 97.5Â %) | p | Coefficients | (2.5Â % | 97.5Â %) | p | Coefficients | (2.5Â % | 97.5Â %) | p | Coefficients | (2.5Â % | 97.5Â %) | p | Coefficients | (2.5Â % | 97.5Â %) | p | Coefficients | (2.5Â % | 97.5Â %) | p |
Year | −0.002 | −0.003 | −0.002 | <0.001 | 0.044 | 0.043 | 0.045 | <0.001 | 0.101 | 0.098 | 0.104 | <0.001 | −0.049 | −0.056 | −0.042 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.018 | <0.001 | −0.057 | −0.061 | −0.053 | <0.001 |
Survey types | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Death certificates | (reference) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Physicians | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.95 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.02 |
Prospective | −0.14 | −0.16 | −0.12 | <0.001 | −0.17 | −0.19 | −0.15 | <0.001 |  |  |  |  | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.54 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.60 | <0.001 |
Jurisdictions | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Netherlands | (reference) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Australia | −0.39 | −0.41 | −0.37 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.61 | <0.001 |  |  |  |  | −0.94 | −1.13 | −0.75 | <0.001 | −0.18 | −0.22 | −0.13 | <0.001 | 1.59 | 1.54 | 1.65 | <0.001 |
Belgium | −0.20 | −0.33 | −0.06 | <0.001 | 0.00 | −0.11 | 0.11 | 0.98 | 0.13 | −0.04 | 0.29 | 0.13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.36 | 0.97 | 1.76 | <0.001 |
Belgium (Flanders) | −0.19 | −0.20 | −0.17 | <0.001 | −0.10 | −0.11 | −0.09 | <0.001 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.46 | <0.001 | −0.17 | −0.31 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.72 | −0.77 | −0.67 | <0.001 | 1.59 | 1.55 | 1.64 | <0.001 |
Denmark | −0.34 | −0.37 | −0.32 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.15 | <0.001 | −0.86 | −0.92 | −0.81 | <0.001 | −0.94 | −1.28 | −0.60 | <0.001 | −3.69 | −4.03 | −3.35 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.40 | <0.001 |
France | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.09 | −0.12 | −0.07 | <0.001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Italy | −1.71 | −1.77 | −1.64 | <0.001 | −0.27 | −0.31 | −0.24 | <0.001 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.47 | <0.001 | −15.08 | −406.00 | 375.83 | 0.94 | −4.08 | −4.75 | −3.42 | <0.001 | −2.16 | −2.71 | −1.60 | <0.001 |
Sweden | −0.34 | −0.36 | −0.32 | <0.001 | −0.15 | −0.17 | −0.13 | <0.001 | −0.61 | −0.65 | −0.57 | <0.001 | −15.08 | −206.02 | 175.86 | 0.87 | −14.83 | −57.44 | 27.77 | 0.49 | −0.78 | −0.92 | −0.64 | <0.001 |
Switzerland (German- speaking) | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.55 | <0.001 | −0.09 | −0.11 | −0.07 | <0.001 | −0.19 | −0.24 | −0.14 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.69 | 1.03 | <0.001 | −2.18 | −2.36 | −1.99 | <0.001 | −0.17 | −0.33 | −0.02 | 0.02 |
UK | 3.28 | 1.57 | 4.99 | <0.001 | −0.41 | −0.44 | −0.38 | <0.001 | −204.15 | −209.97 | −198.32 | <0.001 | −15.08 | −205.07 | 174.91 | 0.87 | −2.57 | −2.72 | −2.42 | <0.001 | −0.26 | −0.40 | −0.13 | <0.001 |