| Pooled (F20-F31) (1) | Schizophrenia (F20) (2) | Psychotic and schizoaffective disorder (F21-F29) (3) | Manic and bipolar disorder (F30-F31) (4) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | IRR | 95Â % CI | IRR | 95Â % CI | IRR | 95Â % CI | IRR | 95Â % CI |
Main diagnosis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Schizophrenia (F20) | (base category) | (base category) |  |  |  |  | ||
 Schizotypal disorder (F21) | 0.91 | (0.88; 0.94) |  |  | (base category) |  |  | |
 Persistent delusional disorder (F22) | 0.64 | (0.62; 0.66) |  |  | 0.96 | (0.84; 1.08) |  |  |
 Acute and transient psychotic disorder (F23) | 0.77 | (0.62; 0.95) |  |  | 0.69 | (0.61; 0.78) |  |  |
 Induced delusional disorder (F24) | 1.02 | (0.99; 1.04) |  |  | 0.82 | (0.63; 1.05) |  |  |
 Schizoaffective disorders (F25) | 0.77 | (0.69; 0.85) |  |  | 1.09 | (0.96; 1.23) |  |  |
 Other nonorganic psychotic disorders (F28) | 0.77 | (0.74; 0.81) |  |  | 0.82 | (0.68; 0.98) |  |  |
 Unspecified nonorganic psychosis (F29) | 0.87 | (0.85; 0.88) |  |  | 0.82 | (0.72; 0.94) |  |  |
 Manic episode (F30) | 0.93 | (0.82; 1.06) |  |  |  |  | (base category) | |
 Bipolar affective disorder (F31) | 0.75 | (0.72; 0.78) |  |  |  |  | 1.14 | (1.10; 1.18) |
Patient demographics and clinical characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Age 25-34 | 0.99 | (0.93; 1.04) | 1.00 | (0.91; 1.10) | 1.01 | (0.93; 1.10) | 0.96 | (0.89; 1.03) |
 Age 35-44 | 0.94 | (0.90; 0.99) | 0.95 | (0.88; 1.03) | 0.94 | (0.86; 1.02) | 0.95 | (0.88; 1.02) |
 Age 45-54 | 0.99 | (0.94; 1.03) | 0.98 | (0.91; 1.07) | 0.98 | (0.91; 1.05) | 1.00 | (0.93; 1.08) |
 Age 55-64 | 1.10 | (1.05; 1.16) | 1.06 | (0.97; 1.15) | 1.17 | (1.07; 1.27) | 1.12 | (1.04; 1.21) |
 Age 65-74 | 1.32 | (1.25; 1.39) | 1.23 | (1.12; 1.34) | 1.40 | (1.30; 1.52) | 1.37 | (1.26; 1.48) |
 Age 75 and over | 1.50 | (1.41; 1.60) | 1.34 | (1.22; 1.48) | 1.63 | (1.47; 1.81) | 1.56 | (1.41; 1.72) |
 Male | 1.06 | (1.00; 1.12) | 1.04 | (0.95; 1.13) | 1.05 | (0.96; 1.16) | 1.06 | (0.99; 1.14) |
 Detained | 1.41 | (1.35; 1.47) | 1.52 | (1.45; 1.60) | 1.35 | (1.28; 1.42) | 1.31 | (1.25; 1.37) |
 Ethnicity: mixed | 1.07 | (1.01; 1.13) | 1.05 | (0.97; 1.14) | 1.09 | (0.99; 1.19) | 1.10 | (0.99; 1.23) |
 Ethnicity: Asian | 1.03 | (0.99; 1.06) | 1.04 | (0.99; 1.09) | 1.04 | (0.97; 1.12) | 1.01 | (0.97; 1.05) |
 Ethnicity: black | 1.12 | (1.09; 1.15) | 1.15 | (1.10; 1.20) | 1.11 | (1.05; 1.17) | 1.11 | (1.04; 1.17) |
 Ethnicity: unknown or missing | 0.99 | (0.95; 1.03) | 1.03 | (0.96; 1.09) | 0.97 | (0.91; 1.04) | 0.95 | (0.88; 1.02) |
 Interaction: Detained + Ethnicity: mixed | 0.94 | (0.84; 1.06) | 0.85 | (0.74; 0.98) | 0.98 | (0.80; 1.20) | 1.14 | (0.92; 1.41) |
 Interaction: Detained + Ethnicity: Asian | 0.95 | (0.89; 1.02) | 0.91 | (0.83; 1.00) | 1.00 | (0.91; 1.11) | 0.93 | (0.83; 1.05) |
 Interaction: Detained + Ethnicity: black | 0.93 | (0.88; 0.98) | 0.90 | (0.85; 0.96) | 0.91 | (0.84; 0.99) | 0.91 | (0.84; 0.98) |
 Interaction: Detained + Ethnicity: unknown or missing | 0.99 | (0.92; 1.06) | 0.91 | (0.82; 1.01) | 1.03 | (0.92; 1.16) | 1.05 | (0.90; 1.22) |
 Patient has a carer | 1.07 | (1.02; 1.12) | 1.07 | (1.01; 1.13) | 1.03 | (0.96; 1.10) | 1.10 | (1.03; 1.17) |
 Patient was previously treated for mental health issues | 0.98 | (0.94; 1.01) | 0.95 | (0.91; 0.99) | 1.00 | (0.96; 1.04) | 1.01 | (0.97; 1.05) |
 MH benefit claimants - 2nd quintile | 1.01 | (1.00; 1.03) | 1.00 | (0.97; 1.03) | 1.03 | (0.99; 1.07) | 1.02 | (1.00; 1.05) |
 MH benefit claimants - 3rd quintile | 1.03 | (1.01; 1.06) | 1.01 | (0.98; 1.04) | 1.03 | (0.99; 1.07) | 1.06 | (1.02; 1.09) |
 MH benefit claimants - 4th quintile | 1.06 | (1.02; 1.09) | 1.03 | (0.99; 1.08) | 1.04 | (0.99; 1.09) | 1.11 | (1.07; 1.14) |
 MH benefit claimants - 5th quintile | 1.06 | (1.03; 1.09) | 1.03 | (0.99; 1.07) | 1.07 | (1.01; 1.13) | 1.11 | (1.07; 1.15) |
 Number of comorbidities | 1.03 | (1.01; 1.04) | 1.02 | (1.01; 1.04) | 1.03 | (1.01; 1.04) | 1.03 | (1.01; 1.05) |
 Alcohol and substance misuse | 0.90 | (0.88; 0.93) | 0.89 | (0.85; 0.93) | 0.95 | (0.89; 1.01) | 0.91 | (0.86; 0.96) |
 Co-morbid personality disorder | 0.82 | (0.77; 0.88) | 0.80 | (0.71; 0.90) | 0.84 | (0.73; 0.97) | 0.84 | (0.77; 0.91) |
Discharge | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Self-discharged | 0.55 | (0.49; 0.62) | 0.57 | (0.50; 0.66) | 0.56 | (0.48; 0.66) | 0.50 | (0.44; 0.57) |
 Died in hospital | 0.93 | (0.86; 1.00) | 0.92 | (0.81; 1.05) | 0.98 | (0.82; 1.17) | 0.90 | (0.80; 1.01) |
Access to care | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Urban | 1.01 | (0.98; 1.04) | 1.00 | (0.96; 1.04) | 1.01 | (0.97; 1.06) | 1.02 | (0.99; 1.06) |
 % residents of local community in psychiatric establishment | 1.00 | (0.98; 1.02) | 1.00 | (0.98; 1.03) | 1.00 | (0.95; 1.06) | 0.99 | (0.96; 1.02) |
 Ability to access GP within 48 h | 0.99 | (0.94; 1.04) | 1.00 | (0.93; 1.08) | 0.94 | (0.83; 1.06) | 1.00 | (0.91; 1.10) |
 Care plan developed in primary care | 0.98 | (0.94; 1.02) | 0.95 | (0.89; 1.02) | 1.07 | (0.98; 1.16) | 0.97 | (0.90; 1.05) |
Time effects | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Year 2007 | 0.97 | (0.93; 1.02) | 0.97 | (0.92; 1.02) | 0.97 | (0.92; 1.03) | 0.97 | (0.93; 1.02) |
 Year 2008 | 1.00 | (0.97; 1.04) | 1.01 | (0.97; 1.06) | 0.99 | (0.94; 1.04) | 1.01 | (0.96; 1.05) |
 Year 2009 | 0.97 | (0.92; 1.01) | 0.97 | (0.92; 1.03) | 0.95 | (0.91; 1.00) | 0.97 | (0.93; 1.01) |
 Year 2010 | 0.93 | (0.88; 0.98) | 0.92 | (0.86; 0.99) | 0.92 | (0.87; 0.98) | 0.95 | (0.89; 1.01) |
Pseudo-R2 | 0.061 | 0.046 | 0.091 | 0.050 | ||||
N | 89,510 | 38,216 | 21,415 | 29,879 |