Excess costs of dementia disorders and the role of age and gender - an analysis of German health and long-term care insurance claims data

Table 2 Annual per capita costs (€) and estimated excess costs (€) adjusted for age and gender

	Service component	Cost per dementia patient (n = 9,147)	Cost per non-demented control subject (n = 29,741)	Excess expenditures**
Approach 1 one-step model	*Costs of formal care [95%-CI]**	12,343 [12,126; 12,572]	4,034 [3,957; 4,109]	8,309 [8,081; 8,552]
	Health insurance expenditures*	*5,813*	*3,256*	*2,557*
	Medication	1,312	671	641
	including anti-dementia drugs (two-step)	119	0	119
	General practitioner	641	367	274
Approach 2 two-step-model	Medical specialist	432	429	3
	Hospital treatment	2,237	1,325	912
	Non-physician services	199	83	116
	Medical aids	339	106	233
	Home health care	361	138	223
	Rehabilitation	164	150	14
	*Long-term care services*	*6,353*	*797*	*5,556*

Data are means based on recycled predictions with dementia as the coefficient of interest.
The 95% confidence interval is based on 1,000 nonparametric bootstrap replications.
* Results of model estimation; the addition of mean costs per category yields slightly different figures.
** Defined as the difference of estimated means within both subgroups.

ISSN: 1472-6963