Patient safety in surgical environments: Cross-countries comparison of psychometric properties and results of the Norwegian version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety

Table 3 Cross-countries comparison of internal consistency of explorative factor analysis of the HSOPS

Explorative factor analysis
Patient safety culture factors of the HSOPS^a		Items	United States [35] (n= 1437) Hospital environment Cronbach's α	Netherlands [5] (n= 3585) Hospital environment Cronbach's α	Norway [8] (n= 1919) Hospital environment Cronbach's α	Norway (n= 358) Operating environment Cronbach's α
Outcome variables
1.	Overall safety	4	0.74	0.62	0.76	0.78
2.	Frequency of events	3	0.84	0.79	0.82	0.82
Unit-level factors
3.	Leader's expectations	4	0.75	0.70	0.79	0.85
4.	Continuous improvement	3	0.76	0.57	0.51	0.64
5.	Teamwork within units	4	0.83	0.66	0.77	0.75
6.	Open communication	3	0.72	0.72	0.68	0.67
7.	Error feedback	3	0.78	0.75	0.70	0.73
8.	Non-punitive	3	0.79	0.69	0.64	0.68
9.	Adequate staffing	4	0.63	0.49	0.65	0.59
Hospital-level factors
10.	Management support	3	0.83	0.68	0.79	0.80
11.	Teamwork across units	4	0.80	0.68	0.65	0.73
12.	Handoffs and transitions	4	0.80	0.59	0.65	0.68

^a Complete labels: 1: overall perceptions of safety; 2: frequency of events reported; 3; supervisors' or managers' expectations and actions promoting patient safety; 4: organizational learning - continuous improvement; 5: teamwork within units; 6: communication openness; 7: feedback and communication about error; 8: non-punitive response to error; 9: adequate staffing; 10: hospital management support for patient safety; 11: teamwork across hospital units; 12: hospital handoffs and transitions.

ISSN: 1472-6963