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Table 4 Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors Associated with Bypassing of PHC Facilities for Maternal Care.

From: Bypassing primary healthcare facilities for maternal healthcare in North West Ghana: socio-economic correlates and financial implications

Socio-economic predictor

Categories

Model 1 (ANC)

Model 2 (Delivery)

Model 3 (PNC)

AOR

95 % CI

P>|z|

AOR

95 % CI

P>|z|

AOR

95 % CI

P>|z|

Municipality of residence

Jirapa

Reference

Wa

8.51

2.19–33.03

0.002

20.20

6.93–58.89

0.000

16.66

4.39–63.30

0.000

Nature of residential location

Urban

Reference

Peri-urban

0.75

0.25–2.30

0.618

0.35

0.14–0.88

0.026

0.95

0.30–3.00

0.931

Rural

1.17

0.46–2.99

0.741

1.54

0.76–3.12

0.225

1.36

0.56–3.32

0.499

Age

16–25

Reference

26–35

1.44

0.61–3.45

0.406

0.97

0.51–1.86

0.935

1.04

0.39–2.75

0.941

> 35

0.16

0.04–0.54

0.004

2.00

0.81–4.91

0.130

1.59

0.50 - 5.03

0.429

Ethnicity

Waala

Reference

Dagaaba

-

-

-

2.09

1.06–4.12

0.034

2.73

1.21–6.16

0.016

Others

-

-

-

3.78

1.79–7.97

0.000

7.39

2.60 -21.05

0.000

Education

No formal

Reference

Primary

0.64

0.15–2.68

0.544

0.86

0.33–2.32

0.792

0.68

0.18–2.43

0.540

JHS

1.79

0.58–5.56

0.312

1.32

0.56–3.10

0.527

0.94

0.26–3.41

0.923

SHS

1.83

0.63–5.33

0.268

1.56

0.68–3.62

0.292

1.27

0.43–3.71

0.664

Tertiary

6.50

1.40–30.23

0.017

1.42

0.43–4.72

0.564

0.78

0.09–6.58

0.817

Occupation

Formal sector

Reference

Vocation

3.11

0.81–11.98

0.098

0.46

0.09–2.25

0.340

0.66

0.07–5.72

0.703

Trade

1.62

0.36–7.20

0.526

0.52

0.10–2.61

0.426

0.33

0.03–3.14

0.335

Farming

1.15

0.19–6.83

0.875

0.36

0.07–1.91

0.233

0.33

0.04–2.96

0.320

Unemployed

2.94

0.69–12.47

0.143

0.22

0.04–1.30

0.095

0.66

0.07–6.03

0.710

Monthly Mother’s income (GH₵)

Zero

Reference

10–100

-

-

-

0.58

0.24–1.41

0.234

0.33

0.12–0.90

0.031

120–350

-

-

-

0.38

0.12–1.19

0.097

0.64

0.22–1.89

0.422

370–900

-

-

-

0.47

0.14–1.55

0.214

0.33

0.08 1.42

0.137

1000–3000

-

-

-

0.20

0.03–1.10

0.064

0.35

0.04–3.04

0.344

Ownership of Car/Motor

No

Reference

Yes

2.29

1.06–4.94

0.035

1.78

0.98–3.22

0.056

2.68

1.20–5.99

0.016

Pregnancy complications

No

Reference

Yes

2.82

1.12–7.15

0.028

-

-

-

-

-

-

Transport to facility

Walking

Reference

Public

10.41

4.39–24.65

0.000

2.35

0.94–5.89

0.068

31.41

12.08–81.65

0.000

Personal

2.34

0.87–6.30

0.092

2.60

0.88–7.67

0.084

5.15

1.52–17.44

0.008

Days after current birth

0-5days

Reference

6-10days

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.55

0.54–4.46

0.413

11–39 days

-

-

-

-

-

-

4.20

1.18–15.01

0.027

40 + days

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.99

0.80–11.19

0.103

Constant

0.0017

0.00–0 0.02

0.000

0.026

0.00–0.28

0.002

0.004

0.00–0.07

0.000

Observations

372

381

385

Prob > chi2

0.000

0.000

0.000

Pseudo R2

0.3711

0.2868

0.5473

Log pseudolikelihood

-114.93819

-172.96563

-116.11477