Skip to main content

Table 2 Maternal and Infant Characteristics Delivering in Non-Obstetric and Obstetric Hospitals by Empiric Maternal Level of Care in California, Missouri, and Pennsylvania, 2000–2009

From: Identifying individual hospital levels of maternal care using administrative data

Variable

Non-Obstetric N = 10,859 (0.2%)

Level I N = 467,368 (6.8%)

Level II N = 2,861,713 (41.5%)

Level III N = 2,442,605 (35.4%)

Level IV N = 1,113,055 (16.1%)

P-value

State

     

< 0.001

 CA

4141 (0.1%)

178,951 (3.6%)

2,079,001 (41.8%)

2,055,616 (41.3%)

661,168 (13.3%)

 

 MO

4484 (0.6%)

87,528 (12.1%)

268,344 (37.0%)

106,355 (14.7%)

257,647 (35.6%)

 

 PA

2234 (0.2%)

200,889 (16.9%)

514,368 (43.1%)

280,634 (23.5%)

194,240 (16.3%)

 

Deliveries/year (median, IQR)

74 (59–87)

443 (298–570)

1562 (1099–2091)

3318 (2648–4041)

4511 (3035–6644)

< 0.001

Maternal characteristics, N (%) (unless otherwise noted)

 Maternal age (years; median, IQR)

25 (21–30)

26 (22–31)

27 (23–32)

28 (24–33)

28 (23–33)

< 0.001

 Race

     

< 0.001

  White, Non-Hispanic

8943 (82.4%)

332,532 (71.2%)

1,306,403 (45.7%)

935,697 (38.3%)

492,285 (44.2%)

 

  Black, Non-Hispanic

289 (2.7%)

20,293 (4.3%)

182,813 (6.4%)

170,257 (7.0%)

158,016 (14.2%)

 

  Hispanic

1025 (9.4%)

85,636 (18.3%)

1,062,409 (37.1%)

975,757 (40.0%)

315,668 (28.4%)

 

  Asian/Pacific Islander

195 (1.8%)

13,680 (2.9%)

249,544 (8.7%)

312,415 (12.8%)

118,043 (10.6%)

 

  Other

407 (3.8%)

15,227 (3.3%)

60,544 (2.1%)

48,479 (2.0%)

29,043 (2.6%)

 

 Insurance

     

< 0.001

  FFS

2184 (20.1%)

75,691 (16.2%)

188,818 (6.6%)

120,363 (4.9%)

56,676 (5.1%)

 

  HMO

1690 (15.6%)

134,753 (28.8%)

1,298,549 (45.4%)

1,270,782 (52.0%)

527,953 (47.4%)

 

  Public

5864 (54.0%)

227,233 (48.6%)

1,264,669 (44.2%)

981,462 (40.2%)

493,018 (44.3%)

 

  Other

1121 (10.3%)

29,691 (6.4%)

109,677 (3.8%)

69,998 (2.9%)

35,408 (3.2%)

 

 Education

     

< 0.001

  No High School

520 (4.8%)

30,481 (6.5%)

256,725 (9.0%)

197,890 (8.1%)

69,522 (6.3%)

 

  Some High School

2217 (20.4%)

82,707 (17.7%)

490,139 (17.1%)

393,694 (16.1%)

172,056 (15.5%)

 

  High School Diploma/GED

4364 (40.2%)

162,316 (34.7%)

812,643 (28.4%)

608,347 (24.9%)

276,107 (24.8%)

 

  At least Some College

3636 (33.5%)

186,899 (40.0%)

1,260,098 (44.0%)

1,180,600 (48.3%)

563,492 (50.6%)

 

  Missing

122 (1.1%)

4965 (1.1%)

42,108 (1.5%)

62,074 (2.5%)

31,878 (2.9%)

 

Maternal comorbid and pregnancy associated conditions, N (%)

 Chronic hypertension

66 (0.6%)

3100 (0.7%)

19,924 (0.7%)

21,238 (0.9%)

15,717 (1.4%)

< 0.001

 PIH

356 (3.3%)

12,369 (2.7%)

79,791 (2.8%)

83,689 (3.4%)

58,081 (5.2%)

< 0.001

 Severe PIH/Eclampsia

71 (0.7%)

2369 (0.5%)

22,327 (0.8%)

27,832 (1.1%)

19,506 (1.8%)

< 0.001

 Gestational diabetes

359 (3.3%)

17,911 (3.8%)

138,214 (4.8%)

145,951 (6.0%)

70,231 (6.3%)

< 0.001

 Diabetes mellitus

35 (0.3%)

2236 (0.5%)

17,287 (0.6%)

20,877 (0.9%)

13,156 (1.2%)

< 0.001

 Renal disease

27 (0.3%)

723 (0.2%)

3514 (0.1%)

3006 (0.1%)

2251 (0.2%)

< 0.001

 Dialysis

0 (0.0%)

5 (0.0%)

99 (0.0%)

149 (0.01%)

134 (0.01%)

< 0.001

 Organ transplant

0 (0.0%)

21 (0.0%)

140 (0.0%)

253 (0.01%)

368 (0.03%)

< 0.001

 Severe chronic conditiona

2 (0.02%)

61 (0.01%)

660 (0.02%)

954 (0.04%)

1085 (0.1%)

< 0.001

 Severe cardiac conditionb

9 (0.1%)

376 (0.08%)

2856 (0.1%)

3515 (0.1%)

3346 (0.3%)

< 0.001

 Placenta previa

47 (0.4%)

1537 (0.3%)

14,011 (0.5%)

16,393 (0.7%)

7767 (0.7%)

< 0.001

 Placenta previa after CS

10 (0.1%)

286 (0.1%)

2859 (0.1%)

3935 (0.2%)

1933 (0.2%)

< 0.001

 Multiple gestation

132 (1.2%)

5704 (1.2%)

61,439 (2.2%)

78,841 (3.2%)

43,408 (3.9%)

< 0.001

 High-risk patientsc

982 (9.0%)

41,527 (8.9%)

311,689 (10.9%)

337,059 (13.8%)

188,125 (16.9%)

< 0.001

 Cesarean section

3150 (29.0%)

126,928 (27.2%)

819,661 (28.6%)

757,811 (31.0%)

340,778 (30.6%)

< 0.001

Neonatal characteristics, N (%) (unless otherwise noted)

 Male

5534 (51.0%)

238,891 (51.1%)

1,463,488 (51.1%)

1,252,240 (51.3%)

570,285 (51.2%)

< 0.001

 Birthweight

3317 (3000,3629)

3374 (3061,3686)

3371 (3041,3685)

3345 (3005,3660)

3319 (2965,3657)

< 0.001

 GA, weeks

39 (38,40)

39 (38,40)

39 (38,40)

39 (38,40.)

39 (38,40)

< 0.001

 GA categories, weeks

     

< 0.001

  GA < 28 weeks

42 (0.4%)

799 (0.2%)

8510 (0.3%)

13,045 (0.5%)

9632 (0.9%)

 

  GA 28–31 weeks

79 (0.7%)

1682 (0.4%)

19,247 (0.7%)

29,233 (1.2%)

19,549 (1.8%)

 

  GA 32–36 weeks

767 (7.1%)

29,030 (6.2%)

229,616 (8.0%)

236,880 (9.7%)

122,070 (11.0%)

 

  GA 37–41 weeks

9607 (88.5%)

420,510 (90.0%)

2,473,357 (86.4%)

2,046,481 (83.8%)

921,954 (82.8%)

 

  GA > 41

364 (3.4%)

15,347 (3.3%)

130,983 (4.6%)

116,966 (4.8%)

39,850 (3.6%)

 
  1. Abbreviations: CA California, MO Missouri, PA Pennsylvania, IQR interquartile range, FFS fee for service, HMO health maintenance organization, GED general education diploma, PIH pregnancy induced hypertension, CS Cesarean section, GA gestational age
  2. aSevere chronic medical conditions: pulmonary hypertension, liver failure, dialysis, and organ transplant
  3. bSevere cardiac conditions: chronic heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, acute/subacute endocarditis, constrictive pericarditis, tamponade, complete atrioventricular block, cardiac device in situ, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, congestive heart failure, mitral stenosis, atrial stenosis, dual valve disease, value replacement
  4. cHigh-risk patients have any of the listed maternal comorbid and pregnancy associated conditions