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Table 2 Outcome, individual, nursing care and NH level variables

From: A path analysis on the direct and indirect effects of the unit environment on eating dependence among cognitively impaired nursing home residents

Variables

N (%) averages (95% CI; SD)

Ouctome

 EdFED (0–20)

2.48 (2.22–2.73)

Level of care required, item 11 of EdFED

1.59 (0.84)

 Supportive

659 (64.2)

 Partial

126 (12.3)

 Wholea

242 (23.6)

Individual level

 Age, years

85.32 (84.75–85.89)

 Gender, sex

781 (76.0)

 Barthel Index (0–100)

25.25 (23.47–27.03)

Cognitive Performance Scale (0–6)

3.35 (3.22–3.47)

 Moderate/severely cognitively impaired (≥ 4)

471 (45.9)

Depression Rating Scale (0–14)

2.93 (2.72–3.13)

 Minor or major depressive disorders (≥ 3)

459 (44.7)

Pain Intensity (0–3)

0.72 (0.66–0.77)

Night restlessness (0–4)

0.48 (0.42–0.55)

Verbal aggressiveness (0–4)

0.33 (0.28–0.38)

Physical aggressiveness (0–4)

0.14 (0.11–0.17)

Clinical Instability Score (0–4)

1.34 (1.29–1.40)

Close/intimate relationships with family relatives, weekly (yes)

710 (69.1)

Used to have meals

 In his/her bedroom, alone

223 (21.7)

 Dining room, near one resident (on left or right side)

57 (5.6)

 Dining room, near two residents (on left and right)

92 (9.0)

 Dining room, near two residents (on left/right and in front)

97 (9.4)

 Dining room, surrounded by other residents

558 (54.3)

Nursing care level

 Environmental Interventions (0–6)

3.76 (2.98–4.55)

 Resident Interventions (0–10)

8.46 (7.39–9.52)

NH level

 Beds, number

92.6 (78.6–106.3)

 Units in each NH, number

from 1 to 4

 Beds at the NH unit level, number

34.38 (27.93–40.82)

TESS-NH dimensions

 Unit Autonomy (0–1.77)b

1.33 (0.00)

 Outdoor Access (0–3)

2.10 (0.94)

 Privacy (0–1)

0.35 (0.51)

 Exit Control (0–1.20)

.91 (0.18)

 Maintenance (0–2)

1.70 (0.36)

 Cleanliness (0–2)

1.92 (0.16)

 Safety (0–2)

1.84 (0.28)

 Lighting (0–2.33)

1.85 (0.18)

 Visual/Tactile stimulation (0–3)

2.42 (0.54)

 Noise (0–2.5)b

1.76 (0.53)

 Space Setting (0–1.75)b

1.80 (0.28)

 Familiarity (0–2.60)b

0.84 (0.50)

 Orientation/cueing (0–1)

0.38 (0.14)

TESS-NH global single item (0–10)

7.00 (1.55; range 5–10)

  1. awhole compensatory care required
  2. bas ranges, there were evaluated the average scores of each dimension [26]
  3. CI Confidence of Interval, EdFED Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia scale, N number, NH nursing home, SD Standard deviation, TESS-NH Therapeutic Environment Screening Survey for Nursing Home