The effect of psychosocial support on caregivers’ perceived criticism and emotional over-involvement of persons with dementia: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Linear mixed model for repeated measures of 208 caregiver/care receiver dyads assessed at baseline and 12-month follow-up (intervention N = 105, control N = 103)

Variable	Baseline score	Follow-up score	Between-group differences at follow-up (95% CI)	P-value
Caregivers
RSS
Intervention	25.0	24.9	1.12 (−1.23 to 3.48)	0.35
Control	23.5	23.9
GDS
Intervention ^a	7.7	7.6	1.70 (0.41 to 3.0)	0.01
Control ^a	5.7	6.2
FEERS CC
Intervention	3.8	3.3	0.16 (− 0.41 to 0.73)	0.59
Control	3.4	3.4
FEERS EOI
Intervention	6.1	6.5	0.17 (−0.5 to 0.84)	0.61
Control	5.9	6.3
FEERS TOTAL
Intervention	10.0	9.8	0.36 (−0.62 to 1.34)	0.47
Control	9.3	9.7
Care receivers
MMSE
Intervention ^a	21.0	17.5	−0.78 (−1.78 to 0.22)	0.12
Control ^a	21.5	18.5
NPI
Intervention ^a	4.8	5.0	−0.29 (−0.83 to 0.26)	0.31
Control ^a	5.4	4.9
IADL
Intervention	22.2	25.0	0.48 (−0.73 to 1.69)	0.44
Control	21.4	24.6
Cornell
Intervention ^a	8.2	7.5	0.34 (−0.81 to 1.49)	0.57
Control ^a	7.9	7.1

Positive values reflect a decrease in scores compared to baseline. ^a = Some missing data. FEERS CC Felt Expressed Emotion Rating Scale; criticism, range 0–5. FEERS EOI Felt Expressed Emotion Rating Scale; emotional over involvement, range 0–5, RSS Relatives’ Stress Scale, range 0–6, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, range 0 to 30, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, range 0–30, NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory (only presence of symptoms, range 0–12), IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, range 7–13. Cornell, range 0–38

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