Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics, clinical condition and diabetes distress scores of the participants in primary care compared to those treated in tertiary care
Variables | Primary care (n = 108) | Tertiary care (n = 524) | Overall (n = 632) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
 Male sex | 32% | 44% | 43% | 0.235 |
 Age [years]* | 62 ± 9 | 60 ± 10 | 60 ± 10 | 0.010 |
 University degree | 12% | 26% | 26% | 0.224 |
 Occupation (I/II/III)a,*** | 10%/40%/50% | 31%/34%/35% | 29%/35%/36% | < 0.001 |
 Accompanied by caregiver | 53% | 62% | 61% | 0.132 |
Clinical variables | ||||
 Diabetes duration [years]* | 5 (1–14); N = 31 | 4 (1–10); N = 312 | 5 (1–10); N = 343 | 0.028 |
 Type of therapy (I/II/III/IV)b,*** | 11%/67%/14%/8% | 2%/57%/24%/17% | 5%/59%/22%/14% | < 0.001 |
 Fasting blood glucose (FBG) [mg/dL] | 130 (112–134); N = 9 | 140 (115–179); N = 249 | 140 (115–180); N = 258 | 0.440 |
 Postprandial glucose [mg/dL] | 167 (160–184); N = 9 | 192 (151–236); N = 234 | 190 (153–236); N = 243 | 0.603 |
Complications | ||||
 No complication | 47% | 33% | 32% | 0.576 |
 With one complication | 33% | 37% | 36% | 0.116 |
 With two or more complications* | 17% | 23% | 26% | 0.011 |
With other serious diseases* | 3% | 7% | 6% | 0.011 |
Diabetes distress | ||||
 Total score*** | 28 (21–41) | 21 (18–30) | 23 (18–35) | < 0.001 |
 Emotional burden*** | 8 (6–11) | 6 (5–9) | 7 (5–10) | < 0.001 |
 Physician distress*** | 7 (5–10) | 5 (4–7) | 5 (4–8) | < 0.001 |
 Regimen distress*** | 9 (6–13) | 6 (5–9) | 7 (5–11) | < 0.001 |
 Interpersonal distress*** | 4 (3–6) | 3 (3–5) | 3 (3–6) | < 0.001 |