Type of problem situation | Setting | Data collection and no. of stakeholder groups consulted | Featured SSM tools | Solution | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospital, UK | Interviews, workshop 17 stakeholder groups | Rich picture, CATWOE, Root definition, PAM, comparison of PAM and the ‘real-world’ situation | Three approaches for improving the process were recommended. | Implementation of the three improvements reduced total length of stay by 67% from 55.8 days to 18.6 days for the patients studied. | |
Policy -implementation of diabetes National Service Framework (NSF) [32] | National Health Services (NHS), UK | Interviews 2 stakeholder groups | Rich picture, CATWOE, Root definition, PAM, comparison of PAM and the ‘real-world’ situation | Issues relating to human communication, information provision and resource allocation were identified and desirable and feasible changes to achieve a more effective NSF implementation were proposed. | N/A |
Development of context-appropriate informatics tools [27] | Ambulatory care, USA | Interviews, observations 7 stakeholder groups | Rich picture | A framework of ten guidelines for the design and implementation of health information technology solutions for chronic disease care were developed. | N/A |
Complex care pathway [29] | Multiple sectors, UK | Interviews, systematic review, online discussion forum, national care audit datasets 12 stakeholder groups | Rich picture, CATWOE, Root definition, PAM | Evidence-informed recommendations for service improvement for congenital heart disease services were developed. | A coherent set of targeted recommendations for service improvement fed into national decisions about service provision and commissioning. |
Asthma emergency care [26] | Emergency department at a hospital, UK | Interviews, focus groups 3 stakeholder groups | CATWOE, Root definition | An asthma patient passport aimed to increase patient’s confidence in their ability to communicate their needs while in severe distress was developed. | N/A |
Child and adolescent mental health policy development [31] | Mental health policy, Belgium | 5 stakeholder events (in-depth interviews, workshops and discussion tables), narrative review, a content analysis of policies in 3 other countries/regions At least 7 stakeholder groups | Rich picture, Root definition, PAM | Ten strategic recommendations for how to lay down the contours of a more effective system were proposed | N/A |
Evaluation of a telehealth intervention for children with neurogenic bladder [33] | Hospital, telehealth intervention, UK | Interviews, observations, survey 3 stakeholder groups | CATWOE, Root definition | SSM was used as part of the evaluation of a telehealth intervention for urinalysis monitoring for children with neurogenic bladder. No solution was proposed. | N/A |