Can integration reduce inequity in healthcare utilization? Evidence and hurdles in China

Zhao, Miaomiao; Liu, Baohua; Shan, Linghan; Li, Cui; Wu, Qunhong; Hao, Yanhua; Chen, Zhuo; Lan, Lan; Kang, Zheng; Liang, Libo; Ning, Ning; Jiao, Mingli

doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4480-8

BMC Health Services Research

Table 3 Decomposition of inequality in inpatient service utilization

From: Can integration reduce inequity in healthcare utilization? Evidence and hurdles in China

	Pilot integrated area			Non-integrated area
	Marginal effect (β_k)	CI_k	Contribution to CI (%)	Marginal effect (β_k)	CI_k	Contribution to CI (%)
Sex and Age
Male
15–24(reference)
25–34	− 0.033^**	0.063	−2.00%	−0.026^**	− 0.010	0.16%
35–44	− 0.026^**	0.073	−2.20%	−0.009	0.076	−0.56%
45–54	− 0.017^*	0.043	−0.93%	−.0003	0.053	−0.02%
55–64	−0.006	−0.071	0.62%	0.028^**	−0.065	−1.78%
65−	0.019^*	−0.106	−2.49%	0.058^**	−0.065	−3.43%
Female
15–24	0.109^**	0.008	0.64%	0.160^**	−0.010	− 0.78%
25–34	0.082^**	0.101	8.57%	0.119^**	0.028	2.28%
35–44	−0.011	0.078	−1.05%	0 .012	0.096	1.07%
45–54	− 0.013	0.022	−0.38%	0.009	0.042	0.41%
55–64	−0.008	−0.046	0.51%	0.026^**	−0.060	−1.61%
65−	0.015	−0.124	−2.35%	0.053^**	−0.064	−3.08%
Chronic disease
Yes	0.066^**	0.021	4.67%	0.095^**	0.035	7.76%
No (reference)
Limitation of daily activities
Yes	0.060^**	−0.126	−4.95%	0.041^**	− 0.124	−2.64%
No (reference)
Self−assessment health
Very poor	0.155^**	−0.115	−0.65%	0.113^**	−0.038	−0.15%
Poor	0.099^**	−0.116	−2.35%	0.124^**	−0.079	−1.59%
Medium	0.078^**	−0.067	−6.55%	0.074^**	−0.064	−5.31%
Good	0.027^**	−0.010	−1.35%	0.023^**	0.003	0.25%
Very good (reference)
Education
Illiterate (reference)
Primary school	0.004	−0.083	−2.74%	0.006	−0.086	−2.77%
Secondary school	−0.06	0.138	−2.17%	−0.002	0.179	−0.69%
College and above	−0.015^**	0.389	−10.81%	−0.008	0.442	−4.02%
Occupation status
Unemployment (reference)
Student	−0.055^**	0.059	−2.09%	−0.066^**	0.150	−4.13%
Peasant	−0.004	−0.296	4.21%	0.004	−0.201	−3.13%
Worker	−0.026^**	0.100	−3.44%	−0.015^**	0.189	− 1.70%
Business	−0.031^**	0.181	−9.75%	−0.023^**	0.200	−4.54%
Manager	−0.027^**	0.293	−22.35%	−0.016^**	0.351	−9.71%
Other	−0.017^**	0.052	−1.16%	−0.017^**	0.062	−0.93%
Marital status
Other (reference)
Married	0.021^**	0.015	3.32%	0.022^**	0.014	2.39%
Household income
Quintile I (reference)
Quintile II	0.033^**	−0.400	−36.32%	0.028^**	−0.400	−22.00%
Quintile III	0.046^**	0.000	0.04%	0.048^**	0.000	0.02%
Quintile IV	0.059^**	0.401	65.21%	0.059^**	0.400	47.01%
Quintile V	0.075^**	0.801	162.78%	0.081^**	0.800	128.84%
Medical insurance
UEBMI	0.040^**	0.248	37.50%	0.030^**	0.355	25.39%
URBMI				0.017^*	0.043	0.74%
NRCMS				0.014^*	−0.184	−14.17%
USBMI	0.029^**	0.277	6.07%
URRBMI	0.027^**	−0.175	−37.49%
Mixed−insurance	0.046^**	0.269	9.90%	0.025^**	0.245	3.54%
Uninsured and other (reference)
Distance to the nearest health facilities
< 1 km(reference)
1 − 4 km	0.008^**	−0.061	−2.56%	0.008^**	−0.101	−2.77%
≥ 5 km	0.019^**	−0.122	−0.82%	0.046^**	−0.228	−2.57%
Time to the nearest health facilities
< 15 min (reference)
15 − 29 min	−0.003	−0.063	0.47%	−0.004	−0.067	0.54%
≥ 30 min	−0.005	−0.265	0.90%	−0.004	−0.288	0.77%
Preferred health facilities
Primary facilities (reference)
Non − primary facilities	0.004	0.223	3.00%	0.006^*	0.321	3.63%
Residence
Urban (reference)
Rural	0.005^*	−0.196	−6.52%	0.013^**	−0.192	−12.69%
Region
Eastern	−0.029^**	0.059	−13.05%	−0.038^**	0.087	−10.12%
Middle	−0.014^**	−0.135	3.13%	−0.013^**	−0.002	0.09%
Western (reference)

Quintile I was the poorest 20%,and the Quintile V was the richest 20%
Note:^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01

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