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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables

From: What has driven the spatial spillover of China’s out-of-pocket payments?

Variable

Mean

Standard deviation

Min

Max

Logged per capita OPP (RMB)

6.451

0.615

4.496

7.902

Logged per capita income (RMB)

2.970

0.668

1.287

4.731

Aging level (%)

9.100

1.800

4.800

14.400

Mortality rate (%)

1.776

0.124

1.437

1.985

Ratio of visits in hospitals and those in primary institutions

1.368

1.032

0.323

7.656

Share of primary health care beds (%)

20.10

11.00

3.700

76.30

Ratio of health technicians in hospitals and those in primary institutions

5.896

22.164

0.852

362.333

Maternal mortality rate (%)

2.963

0.840

0.182

5.671

Logged gross Domestic Product (RMB)

1.765

0.415

0.694

2.581

Logged education level (Year)

2.100

0.175

1.319

2.487

Logged government health expenditure (RMB)

5.840

0.866

3.654

7.570

Urbanization level (%)

50.90

14.80

20.70

89.60

Observations

372

  1. Notes: 1 Per capita OPP, Per capita income, GDP, Education level and Government health expenditure take natural logarithm forms
  2. 2 Aging level = population older than age 65/total population;
  3. 3 Ratio of visits in hospitals and those in primary institutions = the number of visits in hospitals/those in primary health institutions;
  4. 4 Share of primary health care beds = the number of health beds in primary health institutions/all of health beds;
  5. 5 Ratio of health technicians in hospitals and those in primary institutions = the number of health technicians in hospitals/those in primary health institutions;
  6. 6 Urbanization level = urban population/total population