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Table 2 Causes leading towards occurrence of incidents

From: A cross-sectional study: medication safety among cancer in-patients in tertiary care hospitals in KPK, Pakistan

Causes of incidents

Site 1 (CPOE)

Site 2 (HWP)

Total

No.

%

Mean

95% CI

Sig. (2-tailed)

No.

%

Mean

95% CI

Sig. (2-tailed)

Lower

Upper

 

Lower

Upper

Communication

21

3.5

0.04

0.02

0.06

0.000

58

9.7

0.19

0.14

0.24

0.000

79

Name and Sound confusion

–

–

–

–

–

–

1

0.2

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.318

1

Labeling

8

1.4

0.01

0.00

0.02

0.005

28

4.6

0.05

0.03

0.07

0.000

36

Packaging or design

6

1

0.01

0.00

0.02

0.014

–

–

–

–

–

–

6

Drug selection

198

33.6

0.34

0.3

0.37

0.000

235

38.8

0.39

0.35

0.43

0.000

433

Inappropriate drug form

54

9.2

0.09

0.07

0.12

0.000

27

4.5

0.05

0.03

0.06

0.000

81

Dose or dosage selection

233

39.6

0.40

0.36

0.44

0.000

93

15.3

0.15

0.13

0.28

0.000

326

Inappropriate duration of therapy

15

2.5

0.03

0.01

0.04

0.000

27

4.5

0.05

0.03

0.06

0.000

42

DRP*a with drug use in spite of instruction

–

–

–

–

–

–

6

1

0.02

0.00

0.03

0.033

6

DRPs*a related to logistics

2

0.3

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.157

66

10.9

0.10

0.08

0.13

0.000

68

DRPs*a related to the patient personality or behavior

7

1.2

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.008

7

1.2

0.01

0.00

0.02

0.008

14

Human factors (breakup)

369

62.6

0.63

0.59

0.67

0.000

438

72.3

0.72

0.68

0.75

0.000

807

       Knowledge deficit

55

9.3

0.09

0.07

0.12

0.000

57

9.4

0.09

0.07

0.11

0.000

112

       Performance deficit

137

23.3

0.23

0.20

0.27

0.000

162

26.7

0.29

0.25

0.33

0.000

299

       Dosage/rate Miscalculations

108

18.3

0.18

0.15

0.21

0.000

42

6.9

0.08

0.05

0.1

0.000

150

       System error

7

1.2

0.01

0.00

0.02

0.008

5

0.8

0.01

0.00

0.02

0.025

12

       Error in stocking

–

–

–

–

–

–

28

4.6

0.05

0.03

0.06

0.000

28

       Drug preparation or dilution error

5

0.8

0.01

0.00

0.02

0.025

14

2.3

0.02

0.01

0.03

0.000

19

       Transcription error

26

4.4

0.04

0.03

0.06

0.000

51

8.4

0.08

0.06

0.1

0.000

77

       High Volume workload

40

6.8

0.07

0.05

0.09

0.000

42

6.9

0.07

0.05

0.09

0.000

82

       Fatigue or lack of sleep

–

–

–

–

–

–

8

1.3

0.01

0.00

0.02

0.005

8

       Confrontational or intimidating behavior

43

7.3

0.07

0.05

0.09

0.000

135

22.3

0.21

0.18

0.25

0.000

178

Others (breakup)

115

19.5

0.20

0.16

0.23

0.000

247

40.8

0.40

0.36

0.44

0.000

362

      Lack of monitoring or cross checking practices

61

10.4

0.10

0.08

0.13

0.000

155

25.6

0.25

0.21

0.28

0.000

216

      Lack of all-time oncology pharmacist

14

2.4

0.02

0.01

0.04

0.000

44

7.3

0.07

0.05

0.09

0.000

58

      Less knowledge of antibiotic stewardship

27

4.6

0.05

0.03

0.06

0.000

18

3

0.03

0.02

0.05

0.000

45

     Unnecessary medicine/s

30

5.1

0.05

0.03

0.07

0.000

45

7.4

0.07

0.05

0.1

0.000

75

     Wrong drug combination/s

20

3.4

0.03

0.02

0.05

0.000

3

0.5

0.01

0.00

0.01

0.083

23

Total

1601

     

2042

     

3643