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Table 5 Difference-in-differences estimates of effect of Enhanced Primary Care on the multimorbid population (primary analysis)

From: Effects of non-medical health coaching on multimorbid patients in primary care: a difference-in-differences analysis

Primary Analysis

Outcomes

Unadjusted means

Unadjusted difference-in-differences

N

Adjusteda difference-in-differences (95% CI)

Treatment

Pre/Post

Control

Pre/Post

Simplified

Wave 1

Wave 2

Health status

 EQ-5D-5L

0.6671

0.6702

0.6431

0.6410

0.0052

−0.0226

0.0199‡‡

874,075

−0.0263

(−0.0679 to 0.0152)

 Physical functioning

0.6954

0.7147

0.6778

0.6809

0.0161

−0.0098

0.0203‡‡

919,785

−0.0048

(−0.0424 to 0.0328)

 Psychological wellbeing

0.8445

0.8226

0.8225

0.8148

−0.0142

−0.0408

0.0187‡

924,974

−0.0174

(−0.0283 to -0.0065)‡‡

 Resilience

0.8335

0.8396

0.8207

0.8178

0.0091

−0.0008

0.0147‡‡

931,207

−0.0132

(−0.0758 to 0.0493)

Experience of care

 Person-centeredness

0.8829

0.8738

0.8662

0.8650

-0.0080

−0.0149‡‡

−0.0140‡‡

854,635

−0.0356

(−0.0530 to -0.0183)‡‡

 Continuity of care

0.7598

0.7176

0.7410

0.7091

-0.0103

−0.0112‡‡

−0.0218‡‡

622,963

−0.0749

(−0.2011 to 0.0513)

Health behaviour

 Smoking habit

0.2369

0.2188

0.2446

0.2386

-0.0120

−0.0089

−0.0126

952,453

−0.0077

(−0.0273 to 0.0120)

Health care utilisation

 Primary care utilisationb

0.8538

0.8534

0.8470

0.8428

0.0038

0.0041

−0.0063‡‡

959,800

−0.0368

(−0.1022 to 0.0285)

  1. All unadjusted and adjusted values are weighted. Simplified unadjusted difference-in-differences assumes that all treated practices join the treatment at a single point in time. Wave 1 and 2 unadjusted difference-in-differences represent the isolated effects on treated practices that joined in each wave. Adjusted intervention difference-in-differences incorporates the gradual implementation of the treatment, and controls for covariates and practice and time fixed effects
  2. aAdjusted for gender, age, ethnicity, employment status, number of chronic conditions, time since last GP appointment, and practice and time fixed effects
  3. bAdjusted for gender, age, ethnicity, employment status, number of chronic conditions, and practice and time fixed effects
  4. ‡p < 0.05, ‡‡p < 0.01