Effects of non-medical health coaching on multimorbid patients in primary care: a difference-in-differences analysis

Table 4 Pre-intervention summary statistics for multimorbid respondents

Variable	Enhanced Primary Care			Controls			SMD
Variable	N	Mean^a	SD	N	Mean^a	SD	SMD
Outcomes
EQ-5D-5L score	1,143	0.6671	0.2511	601,527	0.6191	0.2803	0.1713
Physical functioning	1,195	0.6954	0.2382	634,358	0.6611	0.2493	0.1377
Psychological wellbeing	1,190	0.8445	0.2131	637,174	0.8011	0.2516	0.1725
Resilience	1,207	0.8335	0.1812	641,951	0.8051	0.1994	0.1422
Person-centeredness	1,102	0.8829	0.1550	591,869	0.8580	0.1794	0.1390
Continuity of care	952	0.7598	0.3041	439,459	0.7228	0.3113	0.1187
Smoking habit	1,220	0.2369	0.2647	655,448	0.2624	0.3004	−0.0849
Primary care utilisation	1,238	0.8538	0.1842	662,676	0.8461	0.1888	0.0407
Individual characteristics
Male	1,250	0.4448	0.4971	673,788	0.4474	0.4972	−0.0052
White	1,250	0.9712	0.1673	673,788	0.8852	0.3188	0.2699
Full-time paid work	1,250	0.1280	0.3342	673,788	0.1308	0.3372	−0.0083
Fully retired from work	1,250	0.5880	0.4924	673,788	0.5334	0.4989	0.1095
Age under 35	1,250	0.0200	0.1401	673,788	0.0241	0.1532	−0.0265
Age 65 and over	1,250	0.6952	0.4605	673,788	0.6253	0.4840	0.1444
Last contacted GP < 6 months ago	1,250	0.8720	0.3342	673,788	0.8720	0.3341	−0.0001
Last contacted GP > 6 months ago	1,250	0.1248	0.3306	673,788	0.1212	0.3264	0.0109

SMD standardised mean difference (Cohen’s d)
^aUnweighted means. Outcome means for physical functioning, psychological wellbeing, resilience, person centeredness, continuity of care, smoking habit and primary care utilisation normalised to [0,1]. Higher values indicate better health status and experience of care, increased smoking habit, and higher primary care utilisation
Continuity of care has a lower N compared to other outcomes since many patients indicated they did not have a preferred GP

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