Skip to main content

Table 1 Overview of Variables and Measures

From: The role of psychological safety and learning behavior in the development of effective quality improvement teams in Ghana: an observational study

Model Construct

Variable

Measure

Measure Type

Data Source

Control Variables

Staff-to-bed ratio

Total number of hospital staff divided by total number of hospital beds

Continuous

Administrative Dataset

Rural

Indicator of whether a hospital is rural or other (e.g., urban or peri-urban)

Binary:

0 = N; 1 = Y

Administrative Dataset

QI team size

Average response to “Estimate the number of people who are on your QI team”

Continuous

QI Team Questionnaire

Average age

Average response to “Age (years)”

Continuous

QI Team Questionnaire

Hospital staff size

Total number of staff that work at the hospital

Continuous

Administrative Dataset

Predictors

 Latent Variable: Perceived Support

Support-1

It is easy for my team to obtain expert assistance when something comes up that we don’t know how to handle.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Support-2

My team has the financial resources it needs carry out QI activities.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Support-3

Leaders at my facility strongly support the work of my team.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Support-4

Leaders at my facility have made QI a high priority.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

 Latent Variable: Team Leadership

Lead-1

There is a person on my team who initiates meetings to discuss the team’s progress.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Lead-2

There is a person on my team who is available for consultation on problems.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Lead-3

There is a person on my team who provides feedback on team member performance, identifying strengths and weaknesses.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

 Latent Variable: Psychological Safety

Safety-1

All members of the team are encouraged to speak up and ask questions, regardless of their position in the organization.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Safety-2

We appreciate and build upon our individual differences.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Safety-3

It is DIFFICULT to ask other members of my team for help.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Safety-4

People on this team sometimes REJECT OTHERS for being different.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Safety-5

If you make a mistake on my team, it is often HELD AGAINST YOU.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

 Latent Variable: Learning Behavior

Learn-1

My team openly discusses mistakes so that we can learn from them.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Learn-2

We regularly take time to learn ways to improve how we do our work.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Learn-3

My team always takes time to stop and reflect on our work.

Aggregate (7-pt. Likert)

QI Team Questionnaire

Team Effectiveness

 Latent Variable: QI Implementation

Perform-1

This team meets or exceeds the expectations of Project Fives Alive.

7-pt. Likert

Project Officer Survey

Perform-2

This team does superb work.

7-pt. Likert

Project Officer Survey

Perform-3

This team keeps getting better and better.

7-pt. Likert

Project Officer Survey

QI Practice-1

The team evaluates reasons for variation in how work is carried out.

7-pt. Likert

Project Officer Survey

QI Practice-2

The team has made an actual change in the way some aspect of work gets done.

7-pt. Likert

Project Officer Survey

QI Practice-3

The team meets frequently to work on quality improvement.

7-pt. Likert

Project Officer Survey