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Table 3 Health care utilization and health expenditure

From: Patterns of health care use and out-of-pocket payments among general population and social security beneficiaries in Myanmar

Variables

 

General Sample N (%)

SSS Sample N (%)

Significance of the differences between the samples

Any symptoms of illness during the past 12 months

 

N = 320

N = 320

 

Yes = 1

123 (38.4%)

177 (55.3%)

0.000 a

No = 0

197 (61.6%)

143 (44.7%)

 

Seek/receive health care services during the past 12 months (physician visit or hospitalization)

 

N = 123

N = 177

 

Yes = 1

107 (87.0%)

160 (90.4%)

0.322 a

No = 0

17 (13%)

17 (9.6%)

 

Types of services received (excluding respondents who did not seek/receive health services during the past 12 months)

 

N = 107

N = 160

 

Nearby health center

21 (19.6%)

26 (16.3%)

 

General Practitioner

36 (33.6%)

72 (45.0%)

 

Outpatient care (public)

8 (7.5%)

8 (5.0%)

 

Outpatient care (private)

34 (31.8%)

7 (4.4%)

 

Hospital

5 (4.7%)

7 (4.4%)

 

Traditional healer

1 (0.9%)

–

 

Abroad

2 (1.9%)

–

 

Clinic in industry

–

1 (0.6%)

 

NGO owned hospital

–

1(0.6%)

 

Go to Health Assistant

–

1 (0.6%)

 

SSS clinic

 

37 (23.1%)

 

Reasons to choose health facility (excluding respondents who received health care from traditional healer and others)

  

N = 104

N = 120

 

Close facility

Yes = 1

55 (52.9%)

70 (58.3%)

0.414 a

 

No = 0

49 (47.1%)

50 (41.7%)

 

Low cost

Yes = 1

16 (15.4%)

11 (9.2%)

 
 

No = 0

88 (84.6%)

109 (90.8%)

0.155 a

Short waiting time

Yes = 1

5 (4.8%)

1 (0.8%)

0.067 a

 

No = 0

99 (95.2%)

119 (99.2%)

 

Best quality

Yes = 1

29 (27.9%)

15 (12.5%)

0.004 a

 

No = 0

75 (72.1%)

105 (87.5%)

 

Recommended

Yes = 1

9 (8.7%)

13 (10.8%)

0.585 a

 

No = 0

95 (91.3%)

107 (89.2%)

 

Brought by someone

Yes = 1

6 (5.8%)

7 (5.8%)

0.984 a

 

No = 0

98 (94.2%)

113 (94.2%)

 

Others

Yes = 1

8 (7.7%)

16 (13.3%)

0.174 a

 

No = 0

96 (92.3%)

104 (86.7%)

 

Distance between health facility and resident (minutes)

 

N = 104

N = 120

 

Median

15

15

0.259 b

Mean

28

34

 

SD

36

40

 

Waiting time at the facility (minutes)

 

N = 104

N = 120

 

Median

30

15

0.007 b

Mean

46

29

 

SD

53

39

 

Satisfaction with the quality of health care received

Very good

11 (10.6%)

11 (9.2%)

 

Good

73 (70.2%)

74 (61.7%)

0.256 b

Normal

17 (16.3%)

34 (28.3%)

 

Poor

3 (2.9%)

1 (0.8%)

 

Payment method for health services used

  

N = 104

N = 120

 

Social security scheme (SSS)

Yes = 1

–

109 (90.8%)

0.002 a

No = 0

104 (100%)

11 (9.2%)

 

Community-based health insurance (CBHI)

Yes = 1

–

–

 

No = 0

104 (100%)

120 (100%)

1.000 a

Out-of-pocket payments (OPPs)

Yes = 1

102 (98.1%)

110 (91.7%)

 

No = 0

2 (1.9%)

10 (8.3%)

0.034 a

Other (e.g. helping by relatives or employers)

Yes = 1

2 (1.9%)

–

 

No = 0

102 (98.1%)

120 (100%)

0.128 a

Total out-of-pocket expenditure for health care received (MMK) c (includes respondents who used out-of-pocket payment to cover the expenditure for receiving health care)

 

N = 100

missing = 2

N = 109

missing = 1

 

Median

8000

4500

0.050 b

Mean

247,582

31,728

 

SD

1,091,442

88,410

 

Amount of money paid out of pocket for medicinal used (MMK)c

 

N = 93

missing = 9

N = 106

missing = 4

 

Median

15,000

3000

0.039 b

Mean

192,113

37,073

 

SD

709,785

117,252

 

Borrowed money to cover the expenditure of health care used

 

N = 102

N = 110

 

Yes

14 (13.7%)

14 (12.7%)

0.873 a

No

87 (85.3%)

95 (86.4%)

 

Missing

1 (1%)

1 (0.9%)

 

Amount of borrowed money to cover the expenditure of health care used (MMK)c (includes respondents who borrowed money to pay for receiving health care)

 

N = 14

N = 13

missing = 1

 

Median

72,500

40,000

0.119 b

Mean

527,286

90,192

 

SD

964,538

145,704

 

Sold properties to cover the expenditure of health care used

 

N = 102

N = 110

 

Yes

2 (2.0%)

4 (3.6%)

0.620 a

No

79 (77.5%)

105 (95.5%)

 

Missing

21 (20.6%)

1 (0.9%)

 

Amount of money from the sold assets to cover the expenditure of health care used (MMK) c (includes respondents who sold properties to pay for receiving health care)

 

N = 2

N = 3 missing = 1

 

Median

112,500

70,000

0.692 b

Mean

112,500

78,333

 

SD

123,744

57,951

 
  1. a Mann-Whitney U Test; b Independent samples t-test; c Exchange rate 1000 MMK = 0.81 USD (2015)