Table 3 Characteristics of phase 2 studies, summarising first author/year, country, prison, disease, study design, method of data collection, aims of research, relevance, and quality assessment score (acceptable: ^b, good: ^c, excellent: ^d

Kavasery, 2009 [43]

U.S.

Urban men’s jail – New Haven Connecticut

HIV

Prospective controlled trial

Quantitative data capture

Determine the optimal timing of opt-out HIV testing for newly incarcerated jail detainees.

Red

Orange

Green

9

^d

Beckwith, 2011 [41]

U.S.

Rhode Island Jail

HIV

Mixed-methods: sequential explanatory

Routine data and interviews/FGD

Introduce rapid opt-out HIV testing to Rhode Island Jail.

Red

Orange

Green

8

^d

Public Health England, 2015 [5]

U.K.

Mixture of phase 1 “pathfinder” prisons

HIV, HCV, and HBV

Project evaluation

Questionnaire

Evaluation of opt-out testing for blood borne viruses, implemented throughout pilot English prisons.

Red

Orange

4

N/A

Elkington, 2016 [59]

U.S.

Mixed

HIV

Literature review

Systematic search

To review the effectiveness of HIV testing and linkage programmes and review barriers and facilitators to these programmes in the correctional setting.

Red

Orange

4

N/A

Rosen, 2016 [52]

U.S.

North Carolina

HIV

Before and after study

Routine data

Assess the impact of routine opt-out testing in terms of case detection.

Red

5

^d

Rice, 2011 [44]

U.S.

Wayne County Jail

HIV

Thesis

Multiple

Design, implement, and evaluate a jail-based HIV testing program.

Red

Orange

Green

10

N/A

Spaulding, 2015 [38]

U.S.

Fulton County Jail

HIV

Mixed-methods: sequential explanatory

Routine data and questionnaire

To establish a rapid opt-out HIV testing program, led by the jail-based nursing team.

Red

Orange

Green

6

^c

Lucas, 2016 [39]

U.S.

Eight prison reception centres (California)

HIV

Quantitative descriptive evaluation

Routine data

Conduct an evaluation of routine HIV services, implemented throughout California.

Red

4

^c

Rosen, 2007 [63]

U.S.

8 intake prisons in North Carolina

HIV

Thesis

Routine data

Evaluation of a large southern state opt-out HIV testing programme.

Red

Orange

Green

5

N/A

Schoenbachler, 2016 [55]

U.S.

Durham County Jail, Florence Detention, Orangeburg Jail, Marion Jail and Darlington Jail

HCV

Quantitative descriptive evaluation

Routine data

Evaluate an HCV testing and linkage-to-care post release program among detainees of small-to-medium sized jails.

Red

Orange

5

^b

Grinstead, 2003 [64]

U.S.

Mixed

HIV, HCV, HBV, and other sexually transmitted infections

Qualitative exploration

Interviews

Explore providers’ experiences regarding HIV, hepatitis, and other sexually transmitted infection testing services within prison.

Red

Orange

7

^c

Centres for Disease Control, 2011 [49]

U.S.

Washington State Department of Corrections (12 male facilities)

HIV

Quantitative descriptive evaluation

Routine data

To assess the rate of testing under three different testing strategies: on-request, routine opt-in, and routine opt-out.

Red

Orange

Green

5

^c

Centres for Disease Control, 2009 [11]

U.S.

N/A

HIV

Opt-out testing programme guidance

N/A

To guide the implementation of opt-out HIV testing in the correctional setting by highlighting suggested common components and tenants of such a testing programme.

Red

Orange

6

N/A

Peter, 2009 [45]

U.S.

Orleans Parish Prison, Jefferson Parish Correctional Centre

HIV

Thesis

Routine data

Look at the effectiveness of opt-out and opt-in approaches to HIV testing in jail populations.

Red

Orange

7

N/A

Muessig, 2016 [57]

U.S.

North Carolina State Prison System

HIV

Qualitative

Interviews – 76 incarcerated men and women

Exploring issues of HIV stigma within an opt-out testing programme.

Red

Orange

Green

10

^c

Walker, 2005 [54]

U.S.

N/A

HIV

Letter(s)

N/A

Discusses the ethical concerns surrounding routine opt-out HIV testing within the prison setting.

Red

4

N/A

Beckwith, 2010 [67]

U.S.

N/A

HIV

Literature review

Search

Provide a review of the current state of delivering HIV testing, prevention, treatment and transition services to incarcerated populations.

Red

Orange

4

N/A

Rosen, 2015 [8]

U.S.

North Carolina State Prison System

HIV

Quantitative cross-sectional survey

Quantitative survey and routine data

To explore prisoners understanding of the voluntary nature of routine opt-out testing.

Red

Orange

8

^c

Grodensky, 2016 [48]

U.S.

North Carolina Prison System

HIV

Quantitative cross-sectional survey

Quantitative survey and routine data

Estimate the proportion unaware of being tested and the proportion of people tested who did not want a test.

Red

Orange

Green

9

^c

Cole, 2014 [46]

U.S.

Cook County Jail

Chlamydia trachomatis & Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Retrospective analysis

Routine data

Evaluate the impact of opt-out testing on rates of testing and diagnosis of infection among incarcerated women, assess the proportion of infections successfully treated, and evaluate factors associated with receipt of treatment.

Red

Orange

Green

8

^c

Public Health England, 2016 [70]

U.K.

Pentonville Prison

HIV, HBV, and HCV

Pilot evaluation

Routine data

Report results from provisional data analysis for the pilot blood-borne virus care pathway trialled within Pentonville prison.

Red

Orange

5

N/A

Jack, 2016 [51]

U.K.

East Midlands Category B male prison

HCV

Qualitative phenomenology

Interviews (prison officers)

To explore the views of prison officers about people in prison being tested and treated for HCV.

Red

Orange

6

^d

Beckwith, 2012 [53]

U.S.

Baltimore Department of Corrections, Philadelphia Prison System, District of Columbia Department of Corrections

HIV

Quantitative descriptive evaluation

Routine data

To assess the feasibility of implementing large scale rapid and routine opt-out testing programmes for HIV in large urban jails.

Red

Orange

Green

6

^d

Centres for Disease Control, 2013 [37]

U.S.

Fulton County Jail

HIV

Quantitative descriptive evaluation

Routine Data

Evaluate a routine opt-out testing programme in a large county jail.

Red

Orange

Green

5

^c

Centre for Disease Control, 2010 [77]

U.S.

Rhode Island Jail

HIV

Quantitative descriptive evaluation

Routine Data

Review of Rhode Island Jail’s testing records.

Red

Orange

4

^c

Kavasery, 2009 [42]

U.S.

York Correctional Institution, Connecticut

HIV

Prospective controlled trial

Quantitative data capture

Evaluate the optimal time to conduct routine opt-out HIV testing of newly incarcerated jail inmates in a manner that maximises the number of individuals capable of consenting and wiling to be tested.

Red

Orange

Green

9

^d

Newlan, 2016 [40]

Indonesia

Banceuy Prison

HIV, HBV, and HCV

Natural experiment

Routine data

To compare the efficacy of two different testing strategies (routine or targeted).

Red

Orange

Green

5

^b

Rumble, 2015 [13]

Mixed

Mixed

HIV, HBV, and HCV

Systematic review

Systematic literature search

Describe components of routine HIV, HBV, and HCV testing policies in prisons and quantify testing acceptance, coverage, result notification, and diagnosis.

Red

Orange

Green

7

^d

Gagnon, 2012 [61]

N/A

N/A

HIV

Literature review

Search

Provide a sociological critique of mandatory testing in light of other testing approaches, including opt-out.

Red

Orange

7

N/A