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Table 1 Sample characteristics of the individuals included in the FE regressions (waves 2–4, pooled)

From: The association between voluntary work and health care use among older adults in Germany

  

Hospitalization (N = 2186)

GP visits (N = 6586)

Specialist visits (N = 7068)

Time constant variables (not included as independent variables in FE regressions)

Female: N (%)

999 (45.7)

3188 (48.4)

3408 (48.2)

Low education (ISCED-97; 0–2): N (%)

175 (8.3)

462 (7.3)

481 (7.1)

Medium education (ISCED-97; 3–4): N (%)

1130 (53.5)

3293 (51.9)

3463 (50.8)

High education (ISCED-97; 5–6): N (%)

809 (38.3)

2595 (40.9)

2872 (42.1)

Predisposing factors

Married, living together with spouse: N (%)

1624 (74.3)

4931 (74.9)

5290 (74.8)

Working: N (%)

612 (28.0)

2419 (36.7)

2615 (37.0)

Retired: N (%)

1345 (61.5)

3406 (51.7)

3638 (51.5)

Other: not employed: N (%)

229 (10.5)

761 (11.6)

815 (11.5)

Age (in years): mean (SD)

65.1 (10.8)

63 (11.0)

63 (11.0)

Enabling resources

Monthly equivalent net income in Euro: mean (SD)

1734.6 (1436.6)

1728.7 (1436.1)

1786.2 (1636.9)

Enough doctors and pharmacies: N (%)

1849 (84.6)

5456 (82.8)

5891 (83.4)

Need factors

Underweight: N (%)

20 (0.9)

42 (0.6)

45 (0.6)

Normal weight: N (%)

742 (33.9)

2431 (36.9)

2665 (37.7)

Overweight: N (%)

982 (44.9)

2828 (42.9)

3021 (42.7)

Obesity: N (%)

442 (20.2)

1285 (19.5)

1337 (18.9)

Self-rated health (from 1 = “very good” to 5 = “very bad”): mean (SD)

2.6 (0.8)

2.4 (0.8)

2.4 (0.8)

Number of chronic diseases: mean (SD)

2.9 (1.9)

2.4 (1.8)

2.4 (1.8)

Currently smoking: N (%)

338 (15.5)

1086 (16.5)

1157 (16.4)

Volunteering

Voluntary work in groups and organisations: N (%)

419 (19.2)

1390 (21.1)

1503 (21.3)

  1. Notes: The numbers in the variable educational status do not sum up to 2186 / 6586 / 7068 due to missing values
  2. GP = General practitioner, ISCED = International Standard Classification of Education, SD = Standard deviation