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Table 2 Characteristics of cost-of-illness studies for type 2 diabetes mellitus, arranged by year and reflecting costs incurred in the year stated

From: Cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus in low and lower-middle income countries: a systematic review

Sl no

Author (Year of costing)

Data source

Sample size

Study design

Country

Direct

%

PPP 2012

Indirect

%

PPP 2012

1

Shobana et al. [24]

(1997)

Hospital (PHD & GGD)

596

Retrospective

India

Median annual direct cost for PHD Rs.4510 GGD Rs.247

 

PHD 218.7 GGD 11.9

   

2

Ramachandran et al. [23]

(2005)

Hospitals, clinics, (Rural & Urban)

556

Retrospective

India

Median annual direct cost for urban Rs 10,000, rural Rs 6260

 

Urban 323.5 rural 202.5

   

3

Kumar et al. [25]

(2005)

Community

819

Retrospective

India

Mean direct cost Rs. 6000

 

194.1

   

4

Khowaja et al. [29]

(2005)

Clinics (P,G&NGO)

345

Retrospective

Pakistan

Mean direct cost Rs 11,580

 

270.9

Meanproductivity loss by participants Rs. 113 and attendants was Rs. 208

 

2.6

4.8

5

Tharkar et al. [26]

(2009)

Community

718

Retrospective

India

Median annual direct cost Rs. 25,391

83.70

605.3

The median annual indirect cost 4970 INR

16.3

118.5

6

Chandra et al. [27]

(2012)

Hospital

219

Retrospective

India

Average annual direct cost Rs 8822

69.08

163.9

Average annual indirect cost Rs. 3949

30.9

73.4

7

Suleiman et al. [30]

(2011–2012)

Hospital

321

Retrospective

Nigeria

Average annual direct cost NG 45531.19

 

284.5

   

8

Akari et al. [28]

(2012)

Hospital

150

Prospective observational

India

Average annual direct cost

with complication US$293.79

without complication US$27.7

98.8 92.6

293.7

27.7

Average annual indirect cost

with complication

US$20.34 without complication US$2.21

1.1

7.4

20.3

2.2

  1. Note: PPP = Purchasing Power Parity. Local currencies were inflated applying the World Bank’s consumer price index (CPI) to make them equivalent to the cost in 2012, and then converted into USD as PPP applying the conversion rate on 3oth June 2012 using 1USD = 55.9 Indian Rupee, 94.9 Pakistan Rupee, and 160.0 Nigerian naira