Table 3 Factors associated with treatment delay among MDR-TB patients (n = 210)
Variables | Treatment Delay n (%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<  13 Days | ≥ 13 Days | p value | COR (95% CI) | p value | AOR (95% CI) | |
Demographic factors | ||||||
 Sex | ||||||
 Male | 74 (56.5) | 57 (43.5) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Female | 29 (36.7) | 50 (63.3) | 0.006 | 2.24 (1.26–3.97) | 0.19 | 1.97 (0.70–5.56) |
 Age | ||||||
   ≤ 30 years | 48 (77.4) | 14 (22.6) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  31–50 years | 43 (51.2) | 41 (48.8) | 0.002 | 3.27 (1.57–6.81) | 0.009 | 4.50 (1.47–13.97) |
   > 50 years | 12 (18.8) | 52 (81.3) | 0.001 | 14.86 (6.26–35.29) | 0.001 | 9.40 (2.55–34.83) |
 Family member | ||||||
   ≥ 4 | 71 (58.2) | 51 (41.8) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
   < 4 | 32 (36.4) | 56 (63.6) | 0.002 | 2.44 (1.39–4.28) | 0.57 | 2.60 (0.97–6.98) |
Socio economic factors | ||||||
 Education a | ||||||
  Middle school education level and above | 82 (57.7) | 60 (42.3) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Below middle school education level | 21 (30.9) | 47 (69.1) | 0.001 | 3.06 (1.66–5.65) | 0.54 | 1.37 (0.49–3.78) |
 Occupation b | ||||||
  Employed (permanent salary) | 56 (71.8) | 22 (28.2) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Employed (non-permanent salary) | 35 (41.7) | 49 (58.3) | 0.001 | 3.56 (1.85–6.87) | 0.35 | 1.53 (0.59–4.26) |
  Unemployed | 12 (25.0) | 36 (75.0) | 0.001 | 7.64 (3.37–17.31) | 0.10 | 3.25 (0.79–13.39) |
 Family income | ||||||
  > 400,000 Kyats | 15 (51.7) | 14 (48.3) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  200,001–400,000 Kyats | 53 (42.4) | 72 (57.6) | 0.36 | 1.46 (0.65–3.27) | 0.95 | 1.04 (0.31–3.50) |
  ≤ 200,000 Kyats | 35 (62.5) | 21 (37.5) | 0.34 | 0.64 (0.26–1.59) | 0.05 | 0.23 (0.51–1.00) |
Disease factors | ||||||
 Types of MDRTB patient | ||||||
  New | 0 (0.0) | 26 (100.0) |  | – |  | – |
  Previously Treated | 103 (56.0) | 81 (44.0) |  | – |  | – |
 Contact with MDR-TB patient | ||||||
  No | 79 (56.8) | 60 (43.2) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Yes | 24 (33.8) | 47 (66.2) | 0.002 | 2.58 (1.42–4.68) | 0.01 | 3.16 (1.29–7.69) |
 Diabetes Mellitus | ||||||
  Absent | 85 (50.0) | 85 (50.0) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Present | 18 (45.0) | 22 (55.0) | 0.57 | 1.22 (0.61–2.44) | 0.46 | 0.67 (0.23–1.97) |
 HIV status | ||||||
  Absent | 94 (49.7) | 95 (50.3) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Present | 9 (42.9) | 12 (57.1) | 0.55 | 1.32 (0.53–3.28) | 0.38 | 1.76 (0.50–6.17) |
 First visit medical providerc | ||||||
  Self-initiative | 13 (72.2) | 5 (27.8) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  General Practitioner | 76 (44.7) | 94 (55.3) | 0.03 | 3.22 (1.09–9.42) | 0.84 | 1.17 (0.26–5.18) |
  Hospitals and NGOs | 14 (63.6) | 8 (36.4) | 0.56 | 1.49 (0.39–5.72) | 0.56 | 0.54 (0.07–4.25) |
Geographic accessibility | ||||||
 Distance (km) | ||||||
   ≤ 10 km | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  11–20 km | 59 (65.6) | 31 (34.4) | 0.02 | 4.55 (1.28–16.24) | 0.06 | 5.11 (0.95–27.44) |
   > 20 km | 18 (19.8) | 73 (80.2) | 0.001 | 35.15 (9.56–129.18) | 0.01 | 14.33 (1.91–107.64) |
 Duration or time spent from residence to TB Center (min) | ||||||
   ≤ 60 min | 70 (75.3) | 23 (24.7) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  61–120 min | 23 (34.8) | 43 (65.2) | 0.001 | 5.69 (2.85–11.36) | 0.14 | 2.33 (0.77–7.10) |
   > 120 min | 10 (19.6) | 41 (80.4) | 0.001 | 12.48 (5.41–28.80) | 0.29 | 2.38 (0.47–12.01) |
Consciousness on MDR-TB | ||||||
 Knowledge Level |  |  |  |  | ||
  High Knowledge | 79 (61.7) | 49 (38.3) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Low Knowledge | 24 (29.3) | 58 (70.7) | 0.001 | 3.89 (2.15–7.06) | 0.76 | 1.17 (0.43–3.16) |
 Awareness Level | ||||||
  Good Awareness | 80 (61.5) | 50 (38.5) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  Poor Awareness | 23 (28.8) | 57 (71.3) | 0.001 | 3.97 (2.18–7.22) | 0.006 | 4.62 (1.56–13.67) |
Psychological factor | ||||||
 Stigma Level | ||||||
  Low Stigma | 70 (58.8) | 49 (41.2) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  High Stigma | 33 (36.3) | 58 (63.7) | 0.001 | 2.51 (1.43–4.41) | 0.89 | 0.93 (0.33–2.66) |