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Table 2 Factors associated with diagnosis delay among MDR-TB patients (n = 210)

From: Delay in diagnosis and treatment among adult multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients in Yangon Regional Tuberculosis Center, Myanmar: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Diagnosis Delay n (%)

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

<  9 Days

≥ 9 Days

p value

COR (95% CI)

p value

AOR (95% CI)

Demographic factors

 Sex

  Male

54 (41.2)

77 (58.8)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Female

33 (41.8)

46 (58.2)

0.94

0.98 (0.56–1.72)

0.51

0.76 (0.34–1.70)

 Age

  ≤ 30 years

28 (45.2)

34 (54.8)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  31–50 years

33 (39.3)

51 (60.7)

0.48

1.27 (0.66–2.47)

0.72

0.86 (0.38–1.95)

  > 50 years

26 (40.6)

38 (59.4)

0.61

1.20 (0.59–2.44)

0.09

0.42 (0.15–1.14)

 Family member

   ≥ 4

52 (42.6)

70 (57.4)

 

1.00

 

1.00

   < 4

35 (39.8)

53 (60.2)

0.68

1.13 (0.64–1.97)

0.88

0.95 (0.44–2.02)

Socio economic factors

 Education a

  Middle school education level and above

69 (48.6)

73 (51.4)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Below middle school education level

18 (26.5)

50 (73.5)

0.003

2.63 (1.39–4.94)

0.02

2.75 (1.22–6.21)

 Occupation b

  Employed (permanent salary)

42 (53.8)

36 (46.2)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Employed (non-permanent salary)

24 (28.6)

60 (71.4)

0.001

2.92 (1.52–5.59)

0.01

3.03 (1.32–6.95)

  Unemployed

21 (43.8)

27 (56.3)

0.27

1.50 (0.73–3.09)

0.28

1.87 (0.59–5.85)

 Family income

   > 400,000 Kyats

12 (41.4)

17 (58.6)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  200,001–400,000 Kyats

52 (41.6)

73 (58.4)

0.98

0.99 (0.44–2.25)

0.44

0.68 (0.26–1.82)

   ≤ 200,000 Kyats

23 (41.1)

33 (58.9)

0.97

1.01 (0.41–2.52)

0.43

0.63 (0.19–2.01)

Disease factors

 Types of MDR-TB patients

  New

11 (42.3)

15 (57.7)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Previously Treated

76 (41.3)

108 (58.7)

0.92

1.04 (0.45–2.39)

0.99

0.99 (0.30–3.29)

 Contact with MDR-TB patient

  No

57 (41.0)

82 (59.0)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Yes

30 (42.3)

41 (57.7)

0.86

0.95 (0.53–1.69)

0.95

1.02 (0.45–2.31)

 Diabetes Mellitus

  Absent

79 (46.5)

91 (53.5)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Present

8 (20.0)

32 (80.0)

0.003

3.47 (1.51–7.97)

0.001

5.06 (1.97–13.01)

 HIV status

  Absent

80 (42.3)

109 (57.7)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Present

7 (33.3)

14 (66.7)

0.43

1.47 (0.57–3.80)

0.16

2.23 (0.74–6.74)

 First visit medical provider c

  Self-initiative

12 (66.7)

6 (33.3)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  General Practitioner

67 (39.4)

103 (60.6)

0.03

3.08 (1.10–8.59)

0.18

2.18 (0.69–6.90)

  Hospitals and NGOs

8 (36.4)

14 (63.6)

0.61

3.50 (0.95–12.97)

0.36

2.02 (0.45–9.01)

Geographic accessibility

 Distance (km)

  ≤ 10 km

13 (44.8)

16 (55.2)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  11–20 km

33 (36.7)

57 (63.3)

0.43

1.40 (0.60–3.28)

0.87

1.09 (0.39–3.02)

  > 20 km

41 (45.1)

50 (54.9)

0.98

0.99 (0.43–2.29)

0.42

0.55 (0.13–2.29)

 Duration or time spent from residence to TB Center (min)

  ≤ 60 min

35 (37.6)

58 (62.4)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  61–120 min

29 (43.9)

37 (56.1)

0.42

0.77 (0.41–1.46)

0.97

0.99 (0.39–2.46)

  > 120 min

23 (45.1)

28 (54.9)

0.38

0.74 (0.37–1.47)

0.65

0.75 (0.22–2.61)

Consciousness on MDR-TB

 Knowledge Level

  High Knowledge

56 (43.8)

72 (56.3)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Low Knowledge

31 (37.8)

51 (62.2)

0.39

1.28 (0.73–2.26)

0.30

1.54 (0.68–3.52)

 Awareness Level

  Good Awareness

61 (46.9)

69 (53.1)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Poor Awareness

26 (32.5)

54 (67.5)

0.04

1.84 (1.03–3.28)

0.01

2.99 (1.29–6.92)

Psychological factor

 Stigma Level

  Low Stigma

51 (42.9)

68 (57.1)

 

1.00

 

1.00

  High Stigma

36 (39.6)

55 (60.4)

0.63

1.15 (0.66–1.99)

0.12

0.50 (0.21–1.20)

  1. aEducation - categorized as middle school education level and above (middle school education, high school education, and graduate and above) and below middle school education level (illiterate, read and write, and primary school education)
  2. bOccupation - categorized as permanent salary employed (government staff and private employee), non-permanent salary employed (dependent, self-employee and unskilled laborer)
  3. cFirst visit medical provider – categorized as self-initiative, general practitioner and, hospitals and NGOs (private hospitals, government hospitals and NGOs)