Table 4 Positive response rate (PRR) on individual items and dimensions at the level of the governorates
From: Assessment of patient safety culture: a nationwide survey of community pharmacists in Kuwait
Capital | Hawalli | Farwaniya | Jahra | Ahmadi | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Positive | Positive | Positive | Positive | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
1. Physical Space and Environment | ||||||
A1. This pharmacy is well organized | 24 (92.3) | 84 (95.5) | 45 (90.0) | 26 (96.3) | 54 (90.0) | 0.611a |
A5. This pharmacy is free of clutter/untidiness | 24 (88.9) | 81 (91.0) | 44 (88.0) | 26 (96.3) | 56 (93.3) | 0.755a |
A7. The physical layout of this pharmacy supports good workflow | 25 (96.2) | 83 (94.3) | 37 (74.0) | 18 (66.7) | 39 (65.0) | < 0.001 b |
Dimension positivity (%) | 92.5 | 93.6 | 84.0 | 86.4 | 82.8 | 0.002 b |
2. Team work | ||||||
A2. Staff treat each other with respect | 27 (100.0) | 84 (94.4) | 50 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 59 (98.3) | 0.312a |
A4. Staff in this pharmacy clearly understand their roles and responsibilities | 27 (100.0) | 82 (93.2) | 49 (98.0) | 25 (92.6) | 58 (96.7) | 0.487a |
A9. Staff work together as an effective team | 27 (100.0) | 86 (96.6) | 49 (98.0) | 27 (100.0) | 57 (95.0) | 0.751a |
Dimension positivity (%) | 100 | 94.7 | 98.7 | 97.5 | 96.7 | 0.087a |
3. Staff Training and Skills | ||||||
A3. Pharmacy assistants/helpers in this pharmacy receive the training they need to do their jobs | 26 (96.3) | 85 (95.5) | 27 (54.0) | 22 (81.5) | 40 (66.7) | < 0.001 b |
A6. Staff in this pharmacy have the skills they need to do their jobs well | 25 (92.6) | 87 (97.8) | 48 (96.0) | 27 (100.0) | 55 (91.7) | 0.275a |
A8. Staff who are new to this pharmacy receive adequate orientation | 24 (92.3) | 82 (94.3) | 45 (93.8) | 23 (85.2) | 49 (81.7) | 0.100a |
A10. Staff get enough training from this pharmacy | 27 (100.0) | 87 (97.8) | 30 (61.2) | 21 (77.8) | 44 (73.3) | < 0.001 b |
Dimension positivity (%) | 95.3 | 96.4 | 76.3 | 86.1 | 78.4 | < 0.001 b |
4. Communication Openness | ||||||
B1. Staff ideas and suggestions are valued in this pharmacy | 20 (74.1) | 75 (85.2) | 37 (74.0) | 20 (74.1) | 44 (73.3) | 0.360b |
B5. Staff feel comfortable asking questions when they are unsure about something | 25 (92.6) | 73 (82.0) | 44 (88.0) | 25 (92.6) | 56 (93.3) | 0.218b |
B10. It is easy for staff to speak up to their pharmacy manager (chief pharmacist) or pharmacy owner about patient safety concerns in this pharmacy | 24 (92.3) | 73 (83.0) | 45 (90.0) | 23 (85.2) | 54 (90.0) | 0.573b |
Dimension positivity (%) | 86.3 | 83.4 | 84.0 | 84.0 | 85.5 | 0.960b |
5. Patient Counselling | ||||||
B2. Pharmacists in this pharmacy encourage patients to talk about their medications | 24 (88.9) | 74 (83.1) | 45 (90.0) | 26 (96.3) | 57 (95.0) | 0.136b |
B7. Our pharmacists spend enough time talking to patients about how to use their medications | 25 (92.6) | 76 (85.4) | 48 (96.0) | 27 (100.0) | 58 (96.7) | 0.035 a |
B11. Our pharmacists tell patients important information about their new prescriptions | 24 (88.9) | 75 (84.3) | 47 (94.0) | 27 (100.0) | 57 (95.0) | 0.056a |
Dimension positivity (%) | 90.1 | 84.3 | 93.3 | 98.8 | 95.6 | < 0.001 b |
6. Staffing, Work Pressure, and Pace | ||||||
B3. Staff take adequate breaks during their shifts | 16 (59.3) | 73 (82.0) | 13 (26.0) | 1 (3.7) | 4 (6.7) | < 0.001 b |
B9. We feel rushed when processing prescriptions (R) | 5 (18.5) | 14 (15.7) | 26 (52.0) | 17 (63.0) | 35 (59.3) | < 0.001 b |
B12. We have enough staff to handle the workload | 23 (85.2) | 71 (80.7) | 42 (84.0) | 24 (88.9) | 50 (83.3) | 0.890b |
B16. Interruptions/distractions in this pharmacy (from phone calls, faxes, customers, etc.) make it difficult for staff to work accurately (R) | 3 (12.0) | 2 (2.2) | 21 (42.0) | 13 (48.1) | 29 (48.3) | < 0.001 b |
Dimension positivity (%) | 43.8 | 45.2 | 51.0 | 50.9 | 49.4 | 0.550b |
7. Communication About Prescriptions Across Shifts | ||||||
B4. We have clear expectations about exchanging important prescription information across shifts | 22 (81.5) | 67 (76.1) | 33 (67.3) | 19 (70.4) | 44 (73.3) | 0.682b |
B6. We have standard procedures for communicating prescription information across shifts | 22 (81.5) | 73 (83.0) | 36 (75.0) | 18 (66.7) | 41 (68.3) | 0.197b |
B14. The status of problematic prescriptions is well communicated across shifts | 20 (74.1) | 67 (76.1) | 39 (81.3) | 17 (63.0) | 42 (70.0) | 0.444b |
Dimension positivity (%) | 79.0 | 78.4 | 74.5 | 66.7 | 70.5 | 0.131b |
8. Communication About Mistakes | ||||||
B8. Staff in this pharmacy discuss mistakes | 22 (81.5) | 72 (80.9) | 43 (86.0) | 24 (88.9) | 51 (85.0) | 0.842b |
B13. When patient safety issues occur in this pharmacy, staff discuss them | 24 (88.9) | 63 (70.8) | 42 (84.0) | 24 (88.9) | 53 (89.8) | 0.019 b |
B15. In this pharmacy, we talk about ways to prevent mistakes from happening again | 26 (96.3) | 71 (79.8) | 39 (79.6) | 22 (81.5) | 43 (71.7) | 0.133b |
Dimension positivity (%) | 88.9 | 77.2 | 83.2 | 86.4 | 82.2 | 0.093b |
9. Response to Mistakes | ||||||
C1. Staff are treated fairly when they make mistakes | 23 (88.5) | 83 (93.3) | 47 (95.9) | 24 (88.9) | 58 (96.7) | 0.405a |
C4. This pharmacy helps staff learn from their mistakes rather than punishing them | 25 (92.6) | 82 (93.2) | 46 (93.9) | 26 (96.3) | 55 (91.7) | 0.973a |
C7. We look at staff actions and the way we do things to understand why mistakes happen in this pharmacy | 24 (88.9) | 83 (93.3) | 41 (83.7) | 24 (88.9) | 48 (80.0) | 0.169a |
C8. Staff feel like their mistakes are held against them (R) | 21 (77.8) | 63 (74.1) | 34 (70.8) | 24 (88.9) | 44 (73.3) | 0.482b |
Dimension positivity (%) | 87.0 | 85.3 | 86.1 | 90.8 | 85.4 | 0.607b |
10. Organizational Learning - Continuous Improvement | ||||||
C2. When a mistake happens, we try to figure out what problems in the work process led to the mistake | 24 (88.9) | 85 (95.5) | 46 (93.9) | 26 (96.3) | 56 (93.3) | 0.766a |
C5. When the same mistake keeps happening, we change the way we do things | 24 (24.3) | 79 (89.8) | 40 (81.6) | 25 (92.6) | 58 (96.6) | 0.132a |
C10. Mistakes have led to positive changes in this pharmacy | 27 (100.0) | 82 (93.2) | 46 (95.8) | 26 (96.3) | 57 (95.0) | 0.807a |
Dimension positivity (%) | 71.1 | 92.8 | 90.4 | 95.1 | 95.0 | 0.522b |
11. Overall Perceptions of Patient Safety | ||||||
C3. This pharmacy places more emphasis on sales than on patient safety (R) | 22 (84.6) | 70 (82.4) | 31 (62.0) | 17 (63.0) | 35 (58.3) | 0.005 b |
C6. This pharmacy is good at preventing mistakes | 25 (92.6) | 85 (95.5) | 49 (98.0) | 26 (96.3) | 57 (95.0) | 0.858a |
C9. The way we do things in this pharmacy reflects a strong focus on patient safety | 27 (100.0) | 83 (94.3) | 49 (98.0) | 25 (92.6) | 58 (96.7) | 0.603a |
Dimension positivity (%) | 92.4 | 90.7 | 86 | 84 | 83.3 | 0.070b |