Table 1 Matrix of intervening factors for corrupt practices in Vietnam’s health sector
From: Corruption practices in drug prescribing in Vietnam – an analysis based on qualitative interviews
Systemic factors | Individual factors | |
|---|---|---|
Opportunities for corruption | Poor governance | None |
Discretion | ||
Transparency | ||
Accountability | ||
Enforcement | ||
Pressures for corruption | Pharmaceutical market related factors | Pharmaceutical market related factors |
Product related factors | ||
Regulation related factors | ||
Survival in the market (Sales-based compensation policies) | Survival in the market (Pressure to achieve sale targets, fear of being fired if targets are not achieved) | |
Health care structures and processes | ||
The tender system | ||
Remuneration systems and financial pressure | ||
Workplace pressures | ||
Rationalization for corruption | Normalization of corruption | Self-interest maximization |
The prevalence of corruption | Professional ethics | |
Other social norms | Personal values | |
Knowledge and skills | ||
Advancement opportunity | ||
Reputation | ||
Employment |