Table 4 Associations of demographic and health related characteristics with GHQ-12 factors
From: The factor structure of the general health questionnaire (GHQ12) in Saudi Arabia
Factor 1 (Social Dysfunction) | Factor 2 (Anxiety) | Factor 3 (Loss of confidence) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta (S.E) | P-value | Beta (S.E) | P-value | Beta (S.E) | P-value | |
Age (years) (v. 18–24 years) | ||||||
25–44 | − 0.26 (0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.019 | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.882 |
45–67 | − 0.54 (0.14) | < 0.001 | 0.16 (0.14) | 0.242 | 0.18 (0.14) | 0.189 |
Gender (v. Male) | ||||||
Female | 0.30 (0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.578 | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.666 |
Diabetes (v. No) | ||||||
Yes | −0.6 (0.16) | 0.678 | −0.02 (0.15) | 0.891 | 0.03 (0.15) | 0.867 |
Body Mass Index (BMI) (v. Normal) | ||||||
Over- weight | −0.23 (0.08) | 0.003 | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.758 | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.604 |
Obese | −0.19 (0.08) | 0.011 | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.117 | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.052 |
Waist Circumference (WC) | −0.01 (0.01) | < 0.001 | 0.003 (0.01) | 0.126 | 0.002 (0.01) | 0.295 |
Marital Status (v. Single) | ||||||
Married | −0.27 (0.7) | < 0.001 | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.432 | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.330 |
Education Level (v. Primary) | ||||||
Secondary | 0.17 (0.22) | 0.448 | 0.43 (0.23) | 0.062 | −0.57 (0.23) | 0.013 |
Intermediate | 0.06 (0.28) | 0.824 | 0.32 (0.28) | 0.250 | −0.78 (0.28) | 0.006 |
University Level | 0.42 (0.21) | 0.050 | 0.29 (0.21) | 0.172 | −0.88 (0.21) | < 0.001 |
Postgraduate | 0.10 (0.27) | 0.709 | 0.59 (0.27) | 0.027 | −0.77 (0.27) | 0.004 |
Smoking Status (v. Non- Smoker) | ||||||
Ex-smoker | −0.05 (0.18) | 0.794 | 0.03 (0.19) | 0.891 | −0.52 (0.19) | 0.006 |
Current Smoker | −0.14 (0.11) | 0.172 | 0.04 (0.11) | 0.670 | 0.01 (0.10) | 0.945 |
Smoking years- (N = 130) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.03 | 8 × 10^-4 (0.01) | 0.921 | −0.008 (0.01) | 0.345 |
Smoking Frequency (Packs per day) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.449 | 5 × 10^-4 (0.03) | 0.987 | −0.03 (0.03) | 0.405 |
Chronic diseases (v. No) | ||||||
Yes | −0.16 (0.11) | 0.155 | 0.35 (0.11) | 0.003 | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.098 |
Chronic disease Type- (v. Diabetes) | ||||||
Hypertension | −0.08 (0.26) | 0.773 | 0.54 (0.25) | 0.039 | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.724 |
Psychological Disease (v. No) | ||||||
Yes | 0.58 (0.14) | < 0.001 | 0.45 (0.14) | 0.001 | 0.44 (0.14) | 0.002 |
Psychological Disease Type- (v. Anxiety) | ||||||
Depression | 0.29 (0.53) | 0.583 | 0.16 (0.42) | 0.705 | 0.55 (0.55) | 0.329 |
Chronic pain (v. No) | ||||||
Yes | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.011 | 0.33 (0.08) | < 0.001 | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.533 |