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Table 2 Studies included in the descriptive analysis of dysphagia attributable expenditure

From: Impact of oropharyngeal dysphagia on healthcare cost and length of stay in hospital: a systematic review

Authors, date

Total sample size (dysphagia)

Primary clinical diagnosis

Data source (years)

Costs inclusive of

Mean US$ difference = attributable cost of dysphagia

% difference

P value

Statistical test used

Cohort studies

 Bonilha, et al., 2014 [15]

2883 (317)

Ischaemic stroke

US Medicare billing records (2004–2005)

Cost over and above general care (dysphagia attributable cost)

4510

25.4

< 0.0001

Gamma distributed generalised linear model

 Chen & Ke, 2016 [36]

237 (118)

Haemorrhagic stroke

National health insurance billing, Taiwan (2002–2012)

Total medical cost (insurer and co-payments by individual)

1393.7

23.5

< 0.001

Multivariate linear regression

 Ferraris et al., (2001) [38]

1042 (31)

Post-cardiac surgery

Hospital surgical data (1998–1999)

Hospital related costs per admission

33,323

92.1

< 0.0001

Mann-Whitney test of inference

 Genther & Gourin, 2015 [16]

61,740 (4461)

Head and Neck cancer

Nation-wide inpatient sample, Health care cost and utilisation project, Agency for Healthcare, Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2001–2010)

Total cost per admission

3976

16.4

< 0.001

Generalised linear regression

 Gourin et al., 2015 [17]

2370 (616)a

Head and Neck cancer

National surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)- Medicare linked database (2004–2007)

Total Medicare paid amounts

65,766b

102

Not reported

Multivariate linear regression

 Rao et al., 2005 [26]

4551 (908)

Stroke

Not reported

Actual cost of care

5107

28.5

< 0.001

Not reported

 Tian et al., 2013 [44]

8977 (485)

Alzheimer’s disease

Medicare and Marketscan Commercial databases (2006–2010)

Total health care cost (hospitalisation, outpatient, ER, pharmacy)

3620

35.2

Not reported

Multivariate linear regression

Cross-sectional

 Chan et al., 2013 [45]

7791 (467)

Head and Neck cancer

AHRQ (2001–2008)

Hospital related costs only per admission

8201

52

< 0.001

Generalised linear regression

 Semenov et al., 2012 [46]

93,663 (5245)

Head and Neck cancer

AHRQ (2003–2008)

Hospital related costs only per admission

2609

12

< 0.001

Generalised linear regression

 Starmer et al., 2014 [47]

1,649,871 (32,922)

Anterior cervical disc surgery

AHRQ (2001–2010)

Hospital related costs only per admission

4692

28.6

< 0.001

Generalised linear regression

 Ward et al., 2012 [48]

17,281 (443)

Head and Neck cancer

AHRQ (2003–2008)

Hospital related costs only per admission

6663

28.3

< 0.001

Generalised linear regression

  1. aData visually extracted from Figure
  2. bRaw data provided by authors