Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

• Ages ≥ 18 years old

• English-speaking and literate

• Chronic, full-thickness rotator cuff tear confirmed by ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging

• Concomitant symptomatic pathology of the affected shoulder (i.e., instability, osteoarthritis)

• Significant cervical spine pathology or radiculopathy

• Medical gain issues (i.e., Workers’ Compensation or litigation)

• Unable or unwilling to complete study outcomes

• Unable or unwilling to provide informed consent