Fixed Effects | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3a |
---|---|---|---|
Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | |
Intercept | −3.56** (0.11) | −4.41*** (0.22) | −5.44*** (0.88) |
Patient-level Factors | Â | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
Age | |||
 78–80 |  | 0.4**(0.3–0.7) | 0.4**(0.3–0.7) |
 65–77 |  | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) |
 55–64 |  | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Sex | |||
 Female |  | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) |
 Male |  | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Race | |||
 Hispanic |  | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) |
 Black |  | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) |
 Asian |  | 1.6* (1.1–2.4) | 1.6* (1.1–2.4) |
 Other |  | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) |
 Non-Hispanic White |  | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Smoking status | |||
 Current Smoker |  | 1.6***(1.4–2.0) | 1.7***(1.4–2.0) |
 Former Smoker |  | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Pack-year (packs per day*years of smoking) | |||
 60+ |  | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) |
 50–59 |  | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
 40–49 |  | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
 30–39 |  | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Visiting one’s own primary care provider | |||
 Yes |  | 2.4***(1.8–3.2) | 2.4***(1.7–3.4) |
 No |  | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Severity of major comorbidities | |||
 Severe (CCI ≥5) |  | 0.2***(0.1–0.3) | 0.2***(0.1–0.3) |
 Moderate (CCI =3–4) |  | 0.6***(0.4–0.8) | 0.5***(0.4–0.7) |
 Mild (CCI =1–2) |  | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
 No major comorbidity (CCI =0) |  | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Provider-level Factors | Â | Â | OR (95% CI) |
Gender | |||
 Female |  |  | 1.6* (1.1–2.3) |
 Male |  |  | 1.0 |
Professional | |||
 Physician |  |  | 3.1 (0.6–16.1) |
 Other |  |  | 1.0 |
Graduated from medical universities outside of US. | |||
 Yes |  |  | 0.4** (0.3–0.7) |
 No |  |  | 1.0 |
Error Variance | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) | Estimate (SE) |
 Level-2 Intercept | 3.17 (0.37)*** | 3.28 (0.41)*** | 2.63 (0.36)*** |
Model Fit | |||
 -2 Log Likelihood | 5873.46 | 4934.42*** | 3882.77*** |