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Table 3 Summary of survey methodology and participant characteristics in the included studies

From: Evaluating the impact of the national health insurance scheme of Ghana on out of pocket expenditures: a systematic review

 

General Information

Study Characteristics

Participant Characteristics

First Author

Publication Year

Citation/Title

Study Objectives/Aims

Study Design

Data Source

Sampling Technique

Recall Period

Settinga

Study Population

SESb

Population Size

Chankova

2008

Chankova S, Sulzbach S, Diop F. Impact of mutual health organizations: evidence from West Africa. Health Policy and Planning. 2008;23(4):264–276.

To answer the following questions: (1) Do MHOs include vulnerable populations. (2) Do they have an impact on the utilization of curative services. (3) On out-of-pocket expenditures

Cross-sectional

1°

NRc

Twelve months

Household

Three country comparisons; Ghana, Mali, Senegal. (Nkoranza and Offinso districts in Ghana)

SES wealth quintiles, household head, education, occupation, residence(urban-rural), house-hold size

1806 households (34% NHIS, 66% uninsured)

Nguyen

2011

Nguyen HT, Rajkotia Y, Wang H. The financial protection effect of Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme: evidence from a study in two rural districts. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2011, 10: 4–https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/1475-9276-10-4.

Not clearly stated but evaluated the impact of NHIS on health service utilization and OOPE(s)

Cross-sectional

1°

Two-stage cluster & random sampling

Two weeks (injury recall period) to twelve months

Household

Households in two districts (Offinso and Nkoranza) in Ghana

SES wealth quintiles, household head, employment status, house-hold size, ethnicity, residence(urban-rural)

11,617 individuals (35% NHIS, 65% uninsured)

Dalaba

2014

Dalaba M, Akweongo P, Aborigo R, Awine T, Azongo D, Asaana P et al. Does the national health insurance scheme in Ghana reduce household cost of treating malaria in the Kassena-Nankana districts? Global Health Action. 2014;7(1):23848.

To examine the effect of NHIS in reducing household cost of treating malaria

Cross-sectional

1°

Convenience random sampling

NRc

Household

Households in the Kassena-Nankana district

SES wealth quintiles, age, occupation

4226 households (49.1% NHIS, 50.9% uninsured)

Abrokwah

2014

Abrokwah SO, Moser CM, Norton EC. The effect of social health insurance on prenatal care: the case of Ghana. Int J Health Care Finance Econ. 2014;14(4):385–406.

To describe how Ghana’s health insurance scheme affects prenatal care and out-of-pocket expenditures

Cross-sectional

2° GLS5 2005–2006

Random stratified sampling

Twelve months

Household

Women of child bearing age (15–49 years)

SES wealth quintiles, age, education, region, marital status, occupation, employment status, house-hold size

1032 women from the GLS5 (36% NHIS, 64% uninsured)

Abuosi

2015

Abuosi A, Adzei F, Anarfi J, Badasu D, Atobrah D, Yawson A. Investigating parents/caregivers financial burden of care for children with non-communicable diseases in Ghana. BMC Pediatrics. 2015;15(1).

To assess the extent to which parents/caregivers of children with NCDs experience financial burden in caring for them

Cross-sectional

1°

Convenience random sampling

NRc

Inpatient

Parents/caregivers of children hospitalized with NCDs at hospitals in Greater Accra, Ashanti, and the Volta region

Parents’ age, education, income, marital status, religion, residence (urban-rural)

225 parents/caregivers (87% NHIS 13% uninsured)

Kusi

2015

Kusi A, Hansen K, Asante F, Enemark U. Does the National Health Insurance Scheme provide financial protection to households in Ghana? BMC Health Services Research. 2015;15(1).

To assess the effect of NHIS on household OOPE(s) and CHE(s)

Cross-sectional

1°

Random stratified Sampling

Four weeks

Household

Households in three districts in the three ecological zones of Southern (Kwaebibrirem), Middle (Asutifi), and Northern (Savelugu-Nanton)

SES wealth quintiles household size, household head, marital status, residence (urban-rural), education, distance to the nearest facility, mode of transportation

2430 households (28% NHIS, 46% uninsured, & 26% partially insured)

Aryeetey

2016

Aryeetey G, Westeneng J, Spaan E, Jehu-Appiah C, Agyepong I, Baltussen R. Can health insurance protect against out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenditures and also support poverty reduction? Evidence from Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2016;15(1).

To examine whether Ghana’s health insurance scheme reduces OOPE(s), CHE(s) and poverty at the household level

Cross-sectional

1°

Random stratified sampling

Four weeks

Household

Households in the Eastern and Central Region. Baseline study conducted in 2009 and follow-up in 2011

Household size, marital status, religion, education, residence (urban-rural), occupation, household income, household expenditures

In 2009, 3300 households (31% NHIS 69% uninsured); 2011 3152 households (38% NHIS 62% uninsured)

  1. 1° denotes primary data collection by the authors. 2° is secondary analysis of previously collected data. a Study setting denotes where participants were interviewed
  2. bSES wealth quintile refers to the reporting of wealth-specific results using a principal component analysis of dwelling characteristics, access to utilities and ownership of house-hold items. Further description is available at https://www.dhsprogram.com/topics/wealth-index/Wealth-Index-Construction.cfm
  3. cNR not reported by the studies