Table 4 Univariate logistic regression analysis including the association of independent variables with the likelihood of incurring excessive out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPs) for outpatient care

Wealth quintile

< 0.001^***

 Poorest

18.10

1

 Poorer

17.80

1.28 [0.76–2.17]

0.356^ns

 Middle

16.40

1.21 [0.65–2.28]

0.546^ns

 Wealthier

15.00

1.16 [0.58–2.32]

0.666^ns

 Wealthiest

32.60

3.12 [1.82–5.37]

< 0.001^***

Highest education of household head

0.776^ns

 None

13.90

1.06 [0.58–1.95]

0.849^ns

 Primary

23.20

0.91 [0.6–1.4]

0.682^ns

 Secondary

57.20

1

 Tertiary

5.60

1.41 [0.71–2.83]

0.326^ns

Owns a means of transportation

0.882^ns

 No

62.60

1

 Yes

37.40

0.97 [0.67–1.41]

0.882^ns

Large household size (≥6)

0.056^ns

 No

56.20

1

 Yes

43.80

1.51 [0.99–2.31]

0.057^ns

Province

< 0.001^***

 Equateur

9.30

0.28 [0.14–0.56]

< 0.001^***

 Kasaï Occidental and Oriental

45.70

0.38 [0.18–0.8]

0.011^*

 Maniema /Orientale

45.00

1

Gender

0.281^ns

 Female

56.70

1

 Male

43.30

0.89 [0.72–1.1]

0.281^ns

Head of household

0.622^ns

 No

86.30

1

 Yes

13.70

1.14 [0.67–1.93]

0.622^ns

Under 5 years old

0.016^*

 No

70.50

1

 Yes

29.50

0.67 [0.49–0.93]

0.016^*

50+ years old

0.058^ns

 No

81.50

1

 Yes

18.50

1.40 [0.99–1.99]

0.058^ns

Number of days lost to illness

0.023^*

 Zero

23.90

1

 Less than a week

24.00

1.08 [0.61–1.91]

0.785^ns

 A week to less than a month

41.20

1.44 [0.95–2.16]

0.084^ns

 One month or above

11.00

3.14 [1.46–6.76]

0.004^**

Sector of health facility

0.004^**

 Public sector

71.60

1

 Private sector

23.80

0.69 [0.4–1.19]

0.182^ns

 Informal sector

4.70

0.26 [0.15–0.46]

< 0.001^***

Total number of paid visits, mean (SE)

1.69

1.13 [0.96–1.33]

0.131^ns

0.131^ns

Share of OOP on drugs, mean (SE)

0.75

0.24 [0.08–0.67]

0.007^**

0.002^**

Health insurance status

0.577^ns

 Uncovered

98.90

 Covered

1.10

0.80 [0.36–1.78]

0.577^ns

HF has functional X-rays

0.004^**

 No

99.90

1

 Yes

0.10

1.85 [1.21–2.83]

0.005^**

HF has functional ultrasound

0.036^*

 No

97.70

1

 Yes

2.30

2.91 [1.02–8.29]

0.045*

HF has functional microscopes

0.495^ns

 No

47.30

1

 Yes

52.70

1.24 [0.67–2.29]

0.495^ns

HF has functional sterilizers

0.306^ns

 No

46.90

1

 Yes

53.10

1.37 [0.75–2.52]

0.307^ns

HF has functional centrifuges

0.135^ns

 No

87.30

1

 Yes

12.70

0.54 [0.24–1.22]

0.139^ns

HF avg. price for care services, mean (SE)

7.72

1.01 [1–1.02]

0.188^ns

0.188^ns

Long travel time (30+ min)

0.006**

 No

8.50

1

 Yes

91.50

2.64 [1.29–5.4]

0.008^**

HF level 1: Health center

0.357^ns

 No

38.30

1

 Yes

61.70

1.23 [0.79–1.93]

0.357^ns

HF level 2: General reference hospital

< 0.001^***

 No

89.40

1

 Yes

10.60

7.73 [3.78–15.78]

< 0.001^***

Dissatisfaction index score

0.696^ns

 No dissatisfaction

15.00

0.81 [0.28–2.3]

0.686^ns

 Score 1 Low dissatisfaction

22.60

0.99 [0.37–2.65]

0.979^ns

 Score 2

27.40

1.31 [0.51–3.4]

0.573^ns

 Score 3

16.70

1.05 [0.31–3.58]

0.934^ns

 Score 4

11.10

0.91 [0.3–2.69]

0.858^ns

 Score 5 High dissatisfaction

7.20

1