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Table 5 Determinant of Health Insurance Enrolment

From: Differences in the determinants of health insurance enrolment among working-age adults in two regions in Ghana

  

Adjusted Odds Ratio

  

Total Sample

Urban Sample

Rural Sample

Independent Variables

GAR

WR

GAR

WR

GAR

WR

Sex

Males

0.66*** (0.53–0.82)

0.52*** (0.44–0.63)

0.74** (0.57–0.97)

0.49*** (0.36–0.67)

0.46*** (0.34–0.64)

0.55*** (0.42–0.71)

Age

 

1.02*** (1.01–1.03)

1.03*** (1.02–1.04)

1.01** (1.01–1.03)

1.04*** (1.02–1.05)

1.01* (0.99–1.04)

1.02*** (1.01–1.04)

Marital Status

Married

1.28 (0.93–1.76)

1.14 (0.84–1.56)

1.14 (0.82–1.58)

0.86 (0.59–1.26)

1.60 (0.76–3.38)

1.29 (0.77–2.13)

 

Divorced

1.11 (0.71–1.74)

0.66* (0.44–0.99)

0.96 (0.60–1.52)

0.42** (0.21–0.85)

1.22 (0.41–3.62)

0.73 (0.45–1.20)

Religion

Christian

1.08 (0.67–1.77)

1.10 (0.78–1.56)

1.20 (0.67–2.13)

1.08 (0.70–1.67)

0.68 (0.29–1.58)

1.05 (0.63–1.76)

Household Size

 

1.04 (0.98–1.10)

1.08 (0.98–1.18)

1.03 (0.94–1.13)

1.15* (0.99–1.31)

1.03 (0.93–1.16)

1.04 (0.92–1.18)

Educational Level

Basic Education

0.89 (0.63–1.28)

1.18 (0.89–1.57)

0.93 (0.50–1.72)

1.87* (1.06–3.31)

0.89 (0.59–1.34)

0.99 (0.75–1.32)

 

Secondary Edu. & Above

1.49* (1.00–2.21)

1.61* (1.06–2.44)

1.37 (0.75–2.52)

1.95 (0.87–4.39)

2.07*** (1.33–3.22)

1.67* (1.05–2.66)

Employment

Employed

0.82 (0.61–1.11)

0.79 (0.61–1.03)

0.79 (0.55–1.13)

0.84 (0.52–1.39)

0.85 (0.49–1.47)

0.79 (0.55–1.14)

Health Status

Fair Health

0.84 (0.53–1.34)

0.63 (0.26–1.53)

0.85 (0.45–1.62)

0.08 (0.01–0.72)

1.10 (0.60–2.02)

0.87 (0.35–2.19)

 

Good Health

0.60* (0.39–0.96)

0.54 (0.22–1.34)

0.58 (0.32–1.08)

0.06 (0.01–0.59)

0.82 (0.33–2.03)

0.80 (0.33–1.95)

Wealth Status

Poor

0.91 (0.49–1.67)

1.47 (0.88–2.46)

0.67 (0.29–1.54)

2.54* (0.99–6.52)

0.98 (0.38–2.55)

1.07 (0.57–2.03)

 

Average

1.11 (0.60–2.04)

1.43 (0.90–2.26)

0.66 (0.28–1.58)

1.49 (0.56–3.97)

1.75 (0.75–4.13)

1.25 (0.72–2.17)

 

Rich

1.35 (0.72–2.50)

1.77* (1.04–3.02)

1.16 (0.47–2.86)

2.68 (0.84–8.49)

1.04 (0.45–2.42)

1.26 (0.68–2.34)

 

Richest

1.73* (0.97–3.10)

2.04** (1.26–3.28)

1.13 (0.49–2.63)

2.59 (0.93–7.22)

2.55** (1.16–5.59)

1.76* (1.04–2.98)

Travel time to Facility

1.00 (0.98–1.02)

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

1.00 (0.98–1.03)

0.99 (0.99–1.01

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

0.98** (0.97–0.99)

Ownership of Facility

Public

1.83*** (1.55–2.16)

0.93 (0.82–1.06)

1.78*** (1.39–2.26)

0.95 (0.82–1.11)

0.48*** (0.31–0.73)

0.31*** (0.26–0.37)

Constant

 

0.14*** (0.06–0.33)

0.34* (0.11–0.04)

0.17*** (0.05–0.59)

1.08 (0.14–8.65)

0.366 (0.09–1.58)

0.42 (0.11–1.59)

Pseudo R-squared

 

0.086

0.079

0.075

0.102

0.135

0.086

No. of Observation

 

2132

1946

1336

736

735

1167

  1. Source: COHEiSION Project Baseline Survey of 2012. Note: Adjusted odds ratio are reported with reference categories: Age (1 year increase in age); Sex (Female); Marital status (Never Married); Religion (Other Religion); Household size (Increase of 1 person); Educational level (No Formal Education); Employment (Unemployed); Health Status (Poor Health Status); Wealth status (Poorest); Travel time (1 min increase in travel time); Facility ownership (Private); Missing values are excluded from the analyses. Note: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001