Table 5 Fixed-Effects Model Estimates for Medicare Standardized Costs

Average age of beneficiary

31.57

−17.01,80.15

−67.55

−197.87,62.76

− 1.22

−32.28,29.85

82.16^***

58.53,105.79

Female, %

−100.46^***

−146.86,-54.06

20.79

−105.09,146.66

−9.70

−39.45,20.04

−27.24^*

−49.80,-4.67

African American, %

80.62^***

41.77,119.47

42.78

−60.03,145.59

−9.37

−34.21,15.48

57.84^***

38.95,76.74

Eligible for Medicaid, %

1.85

−12.88,16.59

27.30

−11.97,66.57

25.23^***

15.80,34.65

53.14^***

45.98,60.31

People below poverty line, %

−8.72

−19.85,2.41

−12.41

−42.07,17.25

−3.09

− 10.21,4.03

3.17

−2.24,8.59

2009

584.15^***

539.03,629.28

430.54^***

310.39,550.68

423.87^***

395.01,452.74

368.24^***

346.29,390.18

2010

729.90^***

679.77,780.03

1166.64^***

1033.08,1300.21

574.67^***

542.58,606.76

571.64^***

547.26,596.02

2011

684.15^***

626.53,741.78

1494.11^***

1340.16,1648.07

313.45^***

276.57,350.34

543.93^***

515.90,571.95

2012

1002.25^***

940.82,1063.69

1914.05^***

1750.19,2077.91

210.58^***

171.22,249.94

550.58^***

520.70,580.45

 Some

−122.04^***

−161.10,-82.97

52.72

−51.53,156.98

−0.48

−25.46,24.50

−38.48^***

−57.48,-19.48

 High

55.07

−28.95,139.09

253.39^*

31.61,475.17

−12.78

−66.51,40.95

12.62

−28.24,53.49

 Extreme

−23.08

−101.22,55.06

389.95^***

185.07,594.83

−18.74

−68.70,31.23

−78.23^***

− 116.24,-40.23

 Some

−106.59^***

− 144.84,-68.33

112.00^*

10.04,213.96

29.39^*

4.92,53.85

−16.81

−35.42,1.79

 High

−0.49

−80.10,79.13

252.15^*

42.38,461.92

−61.07^*

− 111.98,-10.15

18.88

−19.84,57.60

 Extreme

55.55

−28.23,139.33

283.56^*

63.04,504.08

47.42

−6.15,101.00

36.34

−4.40,77.09

Constant

15,745.10^***

11,770.43,19,719.76

19,606.12^***

8978.26,30,233.98

5281.16^***

2737.67,7824.65

2190.86^*

257.78,4123.94

Observations

7695

7387

7689

7695

R ²

0.316

0.214

0.259

0.482