Table 2 Effect of supervision on process measures

Anatole et al. 2013 [29]

Adherence to national paediatric nursing guidelines

Adherence to national adult nursing guidelines

Adherence to national antenatal nursing guidelines

Observation of nurse clinical practice by supervisors

Paediatric:

SMD 0.94 (95%CI 0.80 to 1.08)

Adult:

SMD 2.21 (95%CI 1.97 to 2.45)

Antenatal:

SMD 0.50 (95%CI 0.34 to 0.65)

Claridge et al. 2011 [34]

Adherence to protocol for selection of non-operative management in patients with a blunt spleen injury

Medical record and trauma registry review

OR 3.99 (95%CI 1.94 to 8.19)

Couper et al. 2015 [26]

CPR performance quality metrics: compression rate (no/min); compression depth (mm); flow-fraction (%); incomplete release (%); pre-shock pause (secs), post-shock pause (secs).

Monitor and defibrillator with the capability to detect and record chest compressions and ventilations during resuscitation attempts

Compression Rate

SMD 0.25 (95%CI 0.10 to 0.39)

Compression Depth

SMD 0.60 (95%CI 0.45 to 0.74)

Flow Fraction

SMD 0.41 (95%CI 0.26 to 0.55)

Incomplete Release

SMD 0.16 (95%CI 0.02 to 0.30)

Pre-Shock Pause

SMD 0.81 (95%CI 0.66 to 0.96)

Post-Shock Pause

SMD 0.57 (95%CI 0.42 to 0.71)

Edelson et al. 2008 [28]

CPR performance quality metrics: 5-min compression depth (mm); 5-min compression rate (no/min); 5-min ventilation rate (no/min); 5-min no-flow fraction; pre-shock pause (secs); post-shock pause (secs); and appropriate number of shocks

Monitor and defibrillator with the capability to detect and record chest compressions and ventilations during resuscitation attempts

5-Minute Compression Depth

SMD 0.60 (95%CI 0.33 to 0.87)

5-Minute Compression Rate

SMD 0.44 (95%CI 0.17 to 0.70)

5-Minute Ventilation Rate

SMD 0.67 (95%CI 0.40 to 0.94)

5-Minute No-Flow Fraction

SMD 0.61 (95%CI 0.34 to 0.88)

Post-Shock Pause

Median (IQR) 7.5 (2.8 to 13.1) vs. 16.0 (8.5 to 24.1), P < 0.001 ^a

Pre-Shock Pause

Median (IQR) 2.4 (1.9 to 3.6) vs. 7.1 (2.7 to 14.8), P < 0.001 ^a

Appropriate Shocks

OR 2.98 (95%CI 1.51 to 5.88)

Fatti et al. 2013 [30]

Adherence to prevention of mother to child HIV transmission guidelines

Analysis of routine clinical data

Adherence to Guidelines

OR 1.41 (95%CI 1.36 to 1.45)

Green et al. 2014 [31]

Adherence to nurse-administered antiretroviral therapy guidelines

Medical record review

Adherence to Guidelines

OR 1.52 (95%CI 1.27 to 1.83)

Gupta et al. 2016 [36]

Adherence to acceptability and repeatability criteria of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society standards for spirometry

Review of spirometry results/output

Adherence to Guidelines

OR 1.7 (95%CI 1.0 to 3.0)

Jayanna et al. 2016 [37]

Adherence to intra-partum and post-partum nursing care guidelines

Medical record review

Adherence to Initial Assessment Guidelines

OR 3.6 (95%CI 1.7 to 7.6)

Adherence to Labour Monitoring Guidelines

OR 25.8 (95%CI 9.6 to 69.4)

Adherence to Delivery & Post-partum Guidelines (mothers)

OR 22.1 (95%CI 8.0 to 61.4)

Adherence to Delivery & Post-partum Guidelines (newborns)

OR 24.1 (95%CI 8.1 to 72.0)

Adherence to Newborn Vaccination Guidelines

OR 4.7 (95%CI 1.2 to 18.3)

Magge et al. 2015 [32]

Adherence to integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) assessment; classification; treatment; counselling and communication; and coverage

Observation of nurse clinical practice by nurses with expertise in the integrated management of childhood illness

Adherence to Guidelines

OR 7.82 (95%CI 7.02 to 8.71)

Martino et al. 2017 [24]

Motivational interviewing strategy adherence

Audio-tape review of counselling sessions and rating of adherence using the Independent Tape Rater Scale

Fundamental MI adherence

N/S^a

Advanced MI adherence

N/S^a

Pozen et al. 1976 [25]

Faculty member ratings of process of care

Medical record review

N/S^a

Sox et al. 1998 [35]

Adherence to emergency medicine guidelines for patients presenting to emergency

Medical record review

64% vs. 55% mean compliance; P < 0.0001

Wolfe et al. 2014 [27]

Achievement of CPR performance quality indicators: rate ≥ 100/min; depth ≥ 38 mm; cardiac compression fraction >90%; and ≤10% compressions with leaning (leaning greater than 2.5 kg).

Monitor and defibrillator with the capability to detect and record chest compressions and ventilations during resuscitation attempts

Rate ≥ 100/min

SMD .50 (95%CI 0.34 to 0.67)

Depth ≥ 38 mm

SMD 0.27 (95%CI 0.10 to 0.43)

Cardiac compression fraction >90%

SMD 0.43 (95%CI 0.26 to 0.59)

≤ 10% compressions with leaning N/S^a

Workneh et al. 2013 [33]

Adherence to clinical aspects of a comprehensive paediatric HIV visit as per national antiretroviral guidelines

Medical record review

Adherence to Guidelines

OR 2.70 (95%CI 2.39 to 3.04)