Skip to main content

Table 2 Tobacco Use and Health Insurance Literacy (n = 631)

From: Tobacco use and health insurance literacy among vulnerable populations: implications for health reform

 

Total Sample Characteristics

Tobacco Users

Non-Tobacco Users

 

Mean or Percentage

Mean or Percentage

Mean or Percentage

 

(SD)

(SD)

(SD)

Health insurance literacy (range 0–4)***

2.0

2.0

1.8

 

(1.1)

(1.1)

(1.1)

Lowest Deductible (correct answer)*

63.6%

58.8%

65.7%

Highest OOPa (correct answer)*

63.9%

59.3%

66.0%

Lowest Cost Choice if Health Services Not Needed (correct answer)

46.0%

44.2%

46.8%

Lowest Cost Choice if Hospitalized (correct answer)***

22.2%

15.1%

25.5%

Insurance Marketplace***

18.4%

12.6%

21.1%

Current Tobacco Use

31.5%

Risk Taking (range 1–7)***

1.9

2.1

1.7

 

(1.2)

(1.2)

(1.2)

Discount Rate (range 0–4)

2.1

2.0

2.1

 

(1.4)

(1.4)

(1.4)

Cognitive Function (range 0–1)

0.1

0.1

0.1

 

(0.3)

(0.3)

(0.2)

Numeracy (range 0–4)

0.5

0.5

0.5

 

(0.8)

(0.8)

(0.8)

Demographics

 Age***

40.2

36.8

42.5

 

(14.0)

(12.3)

(14.4)

 Race/Ethnicity

  African American

80.0%

80.9%

79.6%

  White Non-Hispanic

17.3%

16.6%

17.6%

  Other

2.7%

2.5%

2.8%

  Female

68.6%

55.3%

74.8%

 Marital Status**

  Never Married

49.0%

55.8%

45.8%

  Widowed/Divorced/Separated

26.0%

24.6%

26.6%

  Married

25.0%

19.6%

27.6%

 Education***

  Less than High School

7.5%

11.8%

36.6%

  High School

40.5%

49.0%

5.5%

  Some College

37.2%

30.7%

40.2%

  Bachelor’s/Graduate

14.8%

8.4%

17.7%

 Type of Health Insurance***

  Employer-Sponsored

30.1%

18.6%

35.4%

  Individual

10.9%

4.5%

13.9%

  Medicare

10.8%

10.1%

11.1%

  Medicaid

21.4%

24.12%

20.4%

  Uninsured

26.8%

42.7%

19.4%

High Utilizers (> 1 ED visit or >0 inpatient admissions in the past year)***

35.4%

47.2%

30.8%

 Monthly Income***

  $0–$720

26.3%

36.7%

21.5%

  $721–$1200

26.0%

26.1%

25.9%

  $1201–$2400

21.7%

23.1%

21.1%

  $2401

26.0%

14.1%

31.5%

 Heath Status

  Excellent

16.0%

12.6%

17.6%

  Very Good

28.4%

27.6%

28.7%

  Good

33.1%

33.2%

33.1%

  Fair

19.5%

22.6%

18.1%

  Poor

3.0%

4.0%

2.6%

  1. *p < .10, **p < .05, ***p < .01
  2. aOut-of-pocket (OOP) is the expenses for medical care that aren’t reimbursed by insurance. OOP costs include deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments for covered services plus all costs for services that aren’t covered