Insulin prices, availability and affordability: a cross-sectional survey of pharmacies in Hubei Province, China

Table 5 Median Price Ratio (MPR) and average affordability of insulins in different kind of outlets (Mean ± Standard)

Type of insulin		Indicators	Public hospital	Primary care institution	Private retailer	Overall	p value*
Prandial insulin	Human short-acting	MPR	1.41 ± 0.12	1.37 ± 0.13	1.52 ± 0.13	1.44 ± 0.13^†	0.173
	Human short-acting	Affordability	4.35 ± 0.37	4.24 ± 0.41	4.68 ± 0.40	4.45 ± 0.40^†	0.173
	Analogs rapid-acting	MPR	1.69 ± 0.14	1.67 ± 0.13	1.76 ± 0.32	1.70 ± 0.19	0.957
	Analogs rapid-acting	Affordability	6.29 ± 0.53	6.19 ± 0.50	6.53 ± 1.20	6.33 ± 0.69	0.957
Basal insulin	Human intermediate-acting	MPR	1.49 ± 0.11	Not Available	1.57 ± 0.24	1.55 ± 0.21^†	0.636
	Human intermediate-acting	Affordability	4.61 ± 0.35	Not Available	4.84 ± 0.75	4.77 ± 0.43^†	0.636
	Analogs long-acting	MPR	2.59 ± 0.33	2.23 ± 0.24	2.53 ± 0.27	2.53 ± 0.32	0.155
	Analogs long-acting	Affordability	16.11 ± 1.89	14.16 ± 1.53	15.72 ± 1.61	15.8 ± 01.84	0.155
Pre-mixed insulin	Human	MPR	1.49 ± 0.40	1.28 ± 0.20	1.36 ± 0.29	1.43 ± 0.36^†	0.018
	Human	Affordability	4.61 ± 1.23	3.95 ± 0.61	4.19 ± 0.90	4.43 ± 1.11^†	0.018
	analogs	MPR	1.59 ± 0.20	1.59 ± 0.23	1.68 ± 0.21	1.62 ± 0..21	0.401
	analogs	Affordability	5.92 ± 0.75	5.91 ± 0.87	6.26 ± 0.79	6.02 ± 0.76	0.401

*t tests or ANOVA for data with normal distribution; Kruskal Wallis tests or Mann-Whitney U tests for data with non-normal distribution
^† p < 0.001 compared with analogs products

ISSN: 1472-6963