No | Author, Year | Country | Scale of the study | Sample size | Response rate | Main findings and recommendations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Agrawal et al. 2012 | Malaysia | Klang region | 238 private practitioners | 61% | • Implementation of an educational intervention to introduce details of pharmacovigilance into in undergraduate medical curriculum |
2 | Ahmadi et al. 2012 | Iran | Provincial | 16 disease managers for focus groups, 9 in-depth semi-structured interviews | 100% | • Establishing an appropriate and simple notification process • Training human resources in disease notification • Offering incentives, privileges, and creating a positive perception of disease reporting • All solutions improve when implemented along with a proper and feasible law to determine the jurisdiction, rights, liabilities, and incentives for stakeholders |
3 | Ambe et al. 2005 | India | City: Mumbai | All relevant providers in the RNTCP by identifying suitable roles in DOTS delivery for various providers | NA | • Coordinate involvement of private sector health care providers in an individualized manner due the heterogeneity of the sector |
4 | Arora et al. 2003 | India | City: three areas in Delhi | 200 patients for patient survey, 18 private practitioners; 101 cases for treatment outcome | Not mentioned | • Involvement of medical associations • Funding for programmes by the government • Keep it simple |
5 | Artawan Eka Putra et al. 2013 | Indonesia | District: two districts in Bali | 181 practitioners | 90.5% | • Credit point system for participation • Personal contact • Continuous supervision |
6 | Barakat et al. 2011 | Morocco | National | 2007–08: 997 influenza cases and 403 severe acute respiratory illnesses; 2008–09: 1252 and 450 cases respectively | NA | • Important to include the private sector in syndromic surveillance especially when major part of care is provided by them • Even when surveillance was enhanced to include private practitioners the rate of detection remained low • Training of practitioner is necessary to improve sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis |
7 | Caminero & Billo 2003 | South America a | National | 600 private practitioners | Not mentioned | • Training is the single most important factor • Work towards change of attitudes • Supervision |
8 | Chadha et al. 2014 | India | District | 8 Departments of a private medical college, 83 nursing homes, 131 peripheral health institutes; and 1766 cases | Not mentioned | • Awareness building • Government rules for case notification by private practitioners • Assistance in diagnostics and case notification, and documentation of treatment outcome |
9 | Chakaya et al. 2008 | Kenya | City: Nairobi | 46 private hospitals | 57% | • Prepayment scheme as a case-holding tool |
10 | Chengsorn et al. 2009 | Thailand | National | 59 public and 26 private health care facilities and 7526 patients records. | Not mentioned | • Academic detailing’ (university-based educational outreach) |
11 | Chughtai et al. 2013 | Pakistan | National | Number of practitioners is not mentioned | NA | • None explicit mentioned, implicitly: ensure continuous funding to support disease notification |
12 | Creswell et al. 2014 | Pakistan | City: two cities | 89 GPs and one outpatient dept. 529,447 patients | Not mentioned | • Add a new task/person or screeners in high disease burden areas |
13 | Daniel et al. 2013 | Nigeria | State | 8425 patients registered in 2011 | 34% in public and 1.5% private | • Provision of training and drugs for involving practitioners in a TB program (which also includes reporting activities) |
14 | Dowdy et al. 2013 | Pakistan | City: two areas in Karachi | TB cases: 1569 (2010) pre intervention and 3140 (2011) post intervention; in the control area: 876 and 818 cases in the respective years | NA | • No recommendation on how to include private practitioners, just underlining the need to search for innovative approaches |
15 | Isabriye 2006 | Uganda | District | 109 managers, private sector providers and key informants | 100% | • Ensure that all clinics and drug shops are registered and manned by qualified staff. • Identify and train nursing assistants to carry out the IDS activities (task shifting)Organize continuing professional development (CPD) courses on surveillance to improve knowledge regularly • Print and disseminate Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials on regular basis.Regular supervision |
16 | John et al. 2004 | India | State | NA | NA | • With participation of private practitioners district level disease surveillance system was highly successful and enabled detecting disease clustering at the start of an outbreak • Post card based disease reporting method is effective for capturing clusters of disease outbreaks • Success factors: ease of reporting, sense of contribution to the society, regular feedback through monthly disease summary bulletins |
17 | Khan et al. 2006 | Pakistan | City: two slum areas in Lahore | 5540 children 2–16 years and 5329 samples tested for microbiology | 96% | • Cooperation of private practitioners is essential for complete detection of cases |
18 | Khan et al. 2012 | Pakistan | City: two areas in Karachi | Screeners assessed 388,196 individuals at family clinics and 81,700 at Indus Hospital’s outpatient department | NA | • Engagement of intermediaries such as community members and larger hospitals as drivers of case detection • Create effective links between the public sector, private practitioners, and communities, which may include screening by community members and mass communication campaigns |
19 | Krishnan. 2006 | India | Sub-district | 146 private practitioners | 72% | • Alternative healers play important role in India as private healthcare providers. • Non-involvement of the informal sector would mean large burden is missed. • They also show greater interest in working with the government, primarily because it may indirectly sanction their presence. • Involving RMPs from urban areas had more returns than from rural areas. |
20 | Lal 2011 | India | City: 14 cities | >80,000 cases of TB | NA | • Up scaling of pp. involvement is needed; crucial: continuous mapping/registration of facilities • Continuous training with standardised material • Focus on those who expressed interest • Proactive programme officers (public health sector) |
21 | Lau et al. 2011 | China | City: Hong Kong | 247 GPs, 14 Obstetrics and Gynecology doctors and 16 Skin and Venereal Disease Specialists | 27.6% for GP, 11.2% for O&B and 39.0% SVD. | • Inclusion of private practitioners in sexually transmitted disease surveillance systems can improve completeness and accuracy of reported data, which has important implications for the prevention of such diseases |
22 | Masjedi et al. 2007 | Iran | City: Tehran | 646 cases that were diagnosed as positive in the labs were followed up | NA | • Performance of the private sector should be regularly evaluated • Communications between private and public sector should be strengthened for better case notification |
23 | Maung et al. 2006 | Myanmar | Division: Mandalay | NA | NA | • Success factors in increasing case notification through involvement of private practitioners in case notification were strong managerial support, a well-developed local medical organization, training and supervision by the public sector, and provision of free drugs and consumables |
24 | Naqui et al. 2012 | Pakistan | City: several towns of Karachi | 94 GPs from the selected towns, and 309 enrolled patients | 37.50% | • Greater regulation of private practitioners to set standard guidelines • Sustained government support, and a two-way feedback mechanism from health providers necessary |
25 | Newell 2004 | Nepal | City: Lalitpur | 759 patients registered in first 24 months | 67% | • Not all private practitioners need to be involved in regular surveillance. • Sentinel surveillance can work best involving larger hospitals • Provide guideline booklets |
26 | Palave et al. 2015 | India | Sub-district: Rahata, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra | 148 private practitioners | 96.6% for visits/interview; 89.1% for workshop | • Strengthening of public-private partnerships through the provision of free materials, incentives, and periodic modular training in disease notification and treatment |
27 | Pethani et al. 201 | Pakistan | City: six towns of Karachi | 94 GPs, 23 Union Councils in the 6 towns. 389 patients | Not mentioned | • The use of contact screening to increase further case detection by private practitioners • Legislative approach to enforce the participation of private practitioners to participate in public-private initiatives after they have received training |
28 | Phalkey et al. 2015 | India | City: Pune | 258 private practitioners | 86% | • Simplified reporting mechanisms (preferably electronic formats) • Providing clear guidelines and reporting procedures. • Organizing CMEs to strengthen practitioner knowledge and awarding CME points to those who report cases regularly are feasible solutions and should be piloted |
29 | Philip et al. 2015 | India | District: Alappuzha, Kerala | 169 private practitioners in quantitative and 34 in qualitative component | 80% for quantitative; 94.4% qualitative | • Consistent motivational and attitudinal building (both private and public) to ensure compliance • Demonstrating disease notification as a mode of disease control to private practitioners • Targeting specialists in private hospitals for involvement in case notification • Behavioural changes such as timely dissemination of policy changes, and soft skills training, and improvement of interpersonal skills • Involvement of a liaison officer dedicated to public-private coordination |
30 | Portero et al. 2003 | Philippines | National | 1355 private practitioners | 57.9% | • Awareness building among private practitioners (responsibility) • Establish a network with well-trained practitioners • Establish clear treatment and referral structures (also from private to public sector in the case of TB) |
31 | Quy et al. 2003 | Vietnam | City: 22 districts of Ho Chi Minh City | 30 practitioners | 96.6% | • Involvement of private practitioners through training and distribution of referral forms • Introduction of financial incentives for private practitioners • Supervision of private practitioners |
32 | Rangan et al. 2003 | India | City: Mumbai | NA | NA | Improvement of the quality of care, e.g., through training in patient - health care provider interaction |
33 | Sarkar et al. 2012 | India | Sub-district: Alipurduar, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal | 6191 cases of malaria; 336 cases of severe malaria | NA | • Further research to identify the reasons for under reporting (burden of paper work, unfamiliarity with notifiable diseases, etc.) • An annual review of case records at facilities to identify unreported deaths and enhance completeness of reporting |
34 | Shinde et al. 2012 | India | City: seven health posts of municipal ward, Mumbai | 104 private medical practitioners (PMP) | Not mentioned | • Greater emphasis by public health agencies on legal and public health basis for reporting conditions • Training private practitioners to report the presumptive as well as confirmed cases of diseases under surveillance • Use of appropriate software for paperless communication in case reporting • Encourage the use of standard the prescribed formats for reporting by private practitioners • Provision of private practitioners with periodic telephonic communication and alert messages regarding notification |
35 | Singh et al. 2015a | South Africa | National | NA | NA | • Considerable education and relationship building exercises necessary • Stakeholder consultation essential for common understanding and shared vision • Large hospitals more compliant than independent practitioners • Despite legislation reporting is poor • Absence of electronic data biggest challenge • Peer networking e.g. Senior Oncologist to champion the cause of case reporting • |
36 | Srivastava et al. 2011 | India | District: Gwalior | 200 allopathic private practitioners | Not mentioned | • Regular upgrade in knowledge • Provision of additional benefits to the private practitioners to increase the rates of notification |
37 | Tan et al. 2009 | Taiwan | National | 15 of 26 counties/cities selected, 1093 private practitioners | 87.4% | • Modify doctor’s attitude to disease reporting • Developing a convenient and widely-accepted reporting system (phone reporting where possible) • Establishing reward/penalty system essential in improving reporting compliance in private doctors. |
38 | Yeole et al. 2015 | India | City: Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation(PCMC) area, Pune | 831 for the quantitative, 24 for qualitative | 64% for quantitative and 100% qualitative | • Provision of training for private practitioners • Targeted media communication campaigns • Establish alternative mechanisms for notification (to facilitate notification), e.g., internet and mobile telephones, to save the time spent on notification |
39 | Yimer et al. 2012 | Ethiopia | Region: Amhara | 112 private practitioners | 77% | • Regular training • Feedback and mutual information between private sector and referral institutions in the public sector |
40 | Zafar Ullah et al. 2012 | Bangladesh | City: four areas in Dhakacity; later scaled up to twomajor cities | 97 PMPs in 2004, 703 at the end of 2009 | 100% | • Provision of training • Provision of tools and protocols • Mutual trust |