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Table 2 Characteristics of the study cohort living with diabetes and factors associated with the risk of being a chronic frequent ED user (CFU)

From: Factors associated with chronic frequent emergency department utilization in a population with diabetes living in metropolitan areas: a population-based retrospective cohort study

Characteristics

Total, n (%)

Non-CFUs, n (%)

CFUs, n (%)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Age-sex adj. OR* (95% CI)

Fully adj. OR† (95% CI)

Total, n (%)

62,316 (100)

60,710 (97.4)

1606 (2.6)

−

−

−

Sex

 Male

30,938 (49.6)

30,457 (50.2)

685 (42.6)

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

31,378 (50.4)

30,253 (49.8)

921 (57.4)

1.34 (1.21–1.48)

1.34 (1.21–1.48)

1.27 (1.14–1.41)

Age group

 30–54 years

14,801 (22.6)

13,618 (22.4)

463 (28.8)

Ref

Ref

Ref

 55–64 years

14,949 (24.0)

14,646 (24.1)

303 (18.9)

0.61 (0.52–0.70)

0.62 (0.53–0.71)

0.62 (0.53–0.72)

 65–74 years

16,214 (26.0)

15,803 (26.0)

411 (25.6)

0.76 (0.67–0.88)

0.76 (0.67–0.87)

0.76 (0.66–0.88)

 75 + years

17,072 (27.4)

16,643 (27.4)

429 (26.7)

0.76 (0.66–0.87)

0.73 (0.64–0.84)

0.73 (0.62–0.85)

Material deprivation

22,239 (35.7)

21,551 (35.5)

688 (42.8)

1.36 (1.23–1.51)

1.34 (1.21–1.48)

1.28 (1.16–1.42)

Social deprivation

32,054 (51.4)

31,089 (51.2)

965 (60.1)

1.43 (1.30–1.59)

1.42 (1.28–1.57)

1.28 (1.15–1.42)

Affiliation to a GP

37,227 (59.7)

36,383 (59.9)

844 (52.6)

0.74 (0.67–0.82)

0.77 (0.69–0.85)

0.81 (0.73–0.89)

Visit to an endocrinologist

11,941 (19.2)

11,605 (19.1)

336 (20.9)

1.12 (0.99–1.26)

1.09 (0.96–1.23)

1.10 (0.97–1.25)

Visit to an ophthalmologist

22,974 (36.9)

22,404 (36.9)

570 (35.5)

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

0.96 (0.87–1.07)

1.00 (0.90–1.12)

Visit to an internist

10,480 (16.8)

10,154 (16.7)

326 (20.3)

1.27 (1.12–1.44)

1.29 (1.14–1.45)

1.07 (0.94–1.21)

Substance abuse

2665 (4.3)

2457 (4.1)

208 (13.0)

3.53 (3.03–4.10)

3.60 (3.09–4.19)

2.04 (1.71–2.43)

Dementia

4011 (6.4)

3849 (6.3)

162 (10.1)

1.66 (1.40–1.96)

1.74 (1.47–2.07)

0.61 (0.50–0.75)

Other mental disorder

13,967 (22.4)

13,305 (21.9)

662 (41.2)

2.50 (2.26–2.76)

2.41 (2.17–2.67)

1.91 (1.72–2.13)

Hospitalization in 2006

28,664 (46.0)

27,655 (45.6)

1009 (62.8)

2.02 (1.82–2.24)

2.10 (1.89–2.33)

1.03 (0.89–1.19)

Charlson Comorbidity index (CCI)

 0

32,716 (52.5)

32,226 (53.1)

490 (30.5)

Ref

Ref

Ref

 1

10,959 (17.6)

10,601 (17.5)

358 (22.3)

2.22 (1.94–2.55)

2.39 (2.08–2.74)

1.56 (1.31–1.86)

 2

7937 (12.7)

7694 (12.7)

243 (15.1)

2.08 (1.78–2.43)

2.38 (2.04–2.80)

1.77 (1.42–2.21)

 3 +

10,704 (17.2)

10,189 (16.8)

515 (32.1)

3.32 (2.93–3.77)

3.96 (3.47–4.52)

2.21 (1.63–2.99)

Complications of diabetes

22,778 (36.6)

21,982 (36.2)

796 (49.6)

1.73 (1.57–1.91)

1.78 (1.61–1.97)

1.08 (0.96–1.23)

High blood pressure

27,639 (44.4)

26,791 (44.1)

848 (52.8)

1.42 (1.28–1.56)

1.51 (1.36–1.68)

0.99 (0.88–1.11)

Dyslipidemia

12,640 (20.3)

12,186 (20.1)

454 (28.3)

1.57 (1.40–1.75)

1.65 (1.48–1.84)

0.95 (0.84–1.08)

Injury

24,845 (39.9)

23,943 (39.4)

902 (56.2)

1.97 (1.78–2.17)

1.96 (1.78–2.17)

1.71 (1.54–1.89)

COPD

7657 (12.3)

7161 (11.8)

496 (30.9)

3.34 (3.00–3.72)

3.34 (3.00–3.73)

2.01 (1.75–2.30)

CVD

14,513 (23.3)

13,955 (23.0)

558 (34.7)

1.78 (1.61–1.98)

2.00 (1.80–2.23)

1.11 (0.95–1.28)

Cancer

7467 (12.0)

7247 (11.9)

220 (13.7)

1.17 (1.01–1.35)

1.24 (1.08–1.44)

0.78 (0.64–0.96)

Renal disease

7575 (12.2)

7231 (11.9)

344 (21.4)

2.02 (1.78–2.28)

2.18 (1.93–2.47)

1.08 (0.90–1.30)

Liver disease

2422 (3.9)

2282 (3.8)

140 (8.7)

2.44 (2.05–2.92)

2.47 (2.06–2.95)

1.27 (1.04–1.56)

Connective tissue dis

1298 (2.1)

1253 (2.1)

45 (2.8)

1.37 (1.01–1.85)

1.34 (0.99–1.82)

0.94 (0.69–1.29)

Ulcer disease

1041 (1.7)

989 (1.6)

52 (3.2)

2.02 (1.52–2.68)

2.11 (1.59–2.80)

1.27 (0.94–1.70)

  1. *Adjusted only for age and sex. For the variables age and sex, the model is adjusted for the other variable
  2. †Adjusted for all variables of Table 2