Table 3 Two-part regression model: Incremental effects of healthcare expenditure by kidney disease status among adults accounting for relevant covariates (adjusted to 2014 dollars)
From: Trends in healthcare expenditure in United States adults with chronic kidney disease: 2002–2011
Variables | Incremental Effect | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Primary Independent Variable | |||
No Kidney Disease | -- | -- | -- |
CKD only | 17,472*** | 13,784–21,160 | <0.001 |
Other Kidney Diseases | 5014*** | 4102–5926 | <0.001 |
Covariates | |||
Age 18–44 | -- | -- | -- |
Age 45–64 | 1459*** | 1211–1707 | <0.001 |
Age 65-85 | 1946*** | 1680–2212 | <0.001 |
Male | -- | -- | -- |
Female | 1123*** | 904 – 1342 | <0.001 |
NH White | -- | -- | -- |
NH Black | −530*** | −809 – - 250 | <0.001 |
Hispanic | −1004*** | −1267 – -741 | <0.001 |
Others | −959*** | −1514 – -405 | 0.001 |
Married | -- | -- | -- |
Widowed/Divorced/Single | −337*** | −542 – -132 | 0.001 |
Never married | −490*** | −758 – -222 | <0.001 |
Less than high school | -- | -- | -- |
High school | 489*** | 199–778 | 0.001 |
College or more | 780*** | 515–1054 | <0.001 |
Private | -- | -- | -- |
Public insured | 966*** | 633–1298 | <0.001 |
Uninsured | −3083*** | −3265–-2901 | <0.001 |
Non-MSA (rural) | -- | -- | -- |
MSA (urban) | 347** | 115–578 | 0.003 |
Northeast | -- | -- | -- |
Midwest | 40 | −351–433 | 0.838 |
South | −412** | −779–-45 | 0.027 |
West | −30 | −485–423 | 0.894 |
Poor | -- | -- | -- |
Low Income | −750*** | −1101–-399 | <0.001 |
Middle Income | −1028*** | −1356–-700 | <0.001 |
High Income | −830*** | −1174–-487 | <0.001 |
Comorbidities (Ref: No disease) | -- | -- | -- |
Diabetes | 2520*** | 2246–2794 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 1209*** | 1014–1405 | <0.001 |
CVD | 3384*** | 3085–3684 | <0.001 |
Stroke | 3053*** | 2553–3549 | <0.001 |
Emphysema | 2216*** | 1702–2731 | <0.001 |
Joint pain | 1168*** | 976–1360 | <0.001 |
Arthritis | 1744*** | 1521–1966 | <0.001 |
Asthma | 1497*** | 1007–1986 | <0.001 |
Year 2002/03 | -- | -- | -- |
Year 2004/05 | 476*** | 162–790 | 0.003 |
Year 2006/07 | 467*** | 172–762 | 0.002 |
Year 2008/09 | 293** | 24–562 | 0.033 |
Year 2010/11 | 658*** | 346–969 | <0.001 |