| Mean (sd) | Min | Max | N (%) | # Missing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age (years) | 60.5 (11.5) | 30.8 | 91.8 | Â | Â |
Male | Â | Â | Â | 207 (46.0) | Â |
Race | |||||
 American Indian or Alaskan Native |  |  |  | 3 (0.7) |  |
 Asian |  |  |  | 9 (2.0) |  |
 Black or African-American |  |  |  | 148 (33.0) |  |
 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander |  |  |  | 1 (0.2) |  |
 White |  |  |  | 279 (62.3) |  |
 Other (African, Filipino, Hispanic) |  |  |  | 3 (0.7) |  |
 Multiracial (1 = white + other, Indian) |  |  |  | 5 (1.1) |  |
 Refused (e.g., human race) |  |  |  |  | 2 |
Ethnicity | |||||
 Latino/Hispanic |  |  |  | 8 (1.8) | 1 |
Education | |||||
 Less than high school graduate |  |  |  | 25 (5.6) |  |
 High school graduate or GED |  |  |  | 107 (23.8) |  |
 Some college or associate’s degree |  |  |  | 164 (36.5) |  |
 4-year college degree |  |  |  | 92 (20.5) |  |
 Graduate degree |  |  |  | 61 (13.6) |  |
 Refused |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Marital status | |||||
 Married |  |  |  | 292 (64.9) |  |
 Widowed |  |  |  | 37 (8.2) |  |
 Living together |  |  |  | 4 (0.9) |  |
 Single |  |  |  | 64 (14.2) |  |
 Separated |  |  |  | 7 (1.6) |  |
 Divorced |  |  |  | 46 (10.2) |  |
Comorbidities | |||||
 # comorbidities | 3.4 (1.8) | 0 | 10 |  |  |
 Heart disease |  |  |  | 86 (19.2) | 1 |
 High blood pressure |  |  |  | 340 (75.6) |  |
 Lung disease |  |  |  | 30 (6.7) |  |
 Stroke |  |  |  | 29 (6.4) |  |
 High Cholesterol |  |  |  | 299 (67.0) | 4 |
 Kidney disease |  |  |  | 32 (7.1) |  |
 Liver disease |  |  |  | 18 (4.0) |  |
 Anemia or other blood disease |  |  |  | 61 (13.6) |  |
 Cancer |  |  |  | 76 (16.9) |  |
 Depression/anxiety |  |  |  | 139 (30.9) |  |
 Arthritis |  |  |  | 210 (46.8) | 1 |
 Chronic back pain |  |  |  | 112 (24.9) |  |
 Autoimmune disease |  |  |  | 14 (3.1) |  |
 Stomach or bowel disease |  |  |  | 83 (18.4) |  |
Healthcare utilization | |||||
 Have you seen your primary care provider? | 3.7 (2.4) | 1 | 30 |  |  |
 Have you gone to an urgent care clinic? | 0.5 (1.1) | 0 | 12 |  |  |
 Have you been seen in the Emergency Room | 0.4 (1.1) | 0 | 12 |  |  |
 Have you been hospitalized overnight? | 0.2 (0.5) | 0 | 6 |  |  |
 Have you had someone call EMS for you? | 0.1 (0.4) | 0 | 5 |  |  |
DM-related | |||||
 Nephropathy or other diabetes-related kidney disease |  |  |  | 11 (2.4) |  |
 Diabetic retinopathy or other diabetes-related eye disease |  |  |  | 20 (4.4) |  |
 Neuropathy or other diabetes-related nerve damage |  |  |  | 65 (14.4) |  |
 Years with T2DM diagnosis | 8.2 (7.6) | 0.1 | 50.0 |  |  |
 # Testing = Yes |  |  |  | 338 (75.1) |  |
  If yes, how often: at least daily |  |  |  | 129 (38.2) |  |
  If yes, how often: not daily, but > 1X/week |  |  |  | 117 (34.6) |  |
 If yes, how often: a few times a month |  |  |  | 50 (14.8) |  |
  If yes, how often: once a month |  |  |  | 21 (6.2) |  |
  If yes, how often: less than once a month |  |  |  | 21 (6.2) |  |
  If yes, how often told: at least daily |  |  |  | 187 (55.5) |  |
  If yes, how often told: not daily, but > 1X/week |  |  |  | 53 (15.7) |  |
  If yes, how often told: a few times a month |  |  |  | 14 (4.2) |  |
  If yes, how often told: once a month |  |  |  | 2 (0.6) |  |
  If yes, how often told: < once a month |  |  |  | 1 (1.2) |  |
  If yes, how often didn’t know |  |  |  | 77 (22.9) |  |
 If Testing = No, ever tested? |  |  |  | 78 (69.6) |  |
  If yes, at least daily |  |  |  | 55 (70.5) |  |
  If yes, not daily, but > 1X/week |  |  |  | 10 (12.8) |  |
  If yes, a few times a month |  |  |  | 3 (3.9) |  |
  If yes, once a month |  |  |  | 1 (1.3) |  |
  If yes, less than once a month |  |  |  | 9 (11.5) |  |
  If yes, how long did you test: <= 1 month |  |  |  | 8 (10.3) |  |
  If yes, how long did you test: <1 year >1X/month |  |  |  | 35 (44.9) |  |
  If yes, how long did you test: 1 year |  |  |  | 12 (15.4) |  |
  If yes, how long did you test: > 1 year < 5 years |  |  |  | 17 (21.8) |  |
  If yes, how long did you test: > = 5 years |  |  |  | 6 (7.7) |  |
 # Testing = No, why not? |  |  |  | 112 (24.9) |  |
  Not told to test |  |  |  | 50 (44.6) |  |
  Costs |  |  |  | 18 (16.1) |  |
  Pain |  |  |  | 8 (7.1) |  |
  Disruptive |  |  |  | 4 (3.6) |  |
  Does not understand why should test |  |  |  | 7 (6.25) |  |
  Constant reminder of DM |  |  |  | 10 (8.9) |  |
  Other reason |  |  |  | 30 (26.8) |  |
Medications and BMI | |||||
 # of prescription medications | 6.2 (3.4) | 0 | 17 |  |  |
 # of DM medications | 1.4 (0.9) | 0 | 5 |  |  |
 BMI (max weighs 523 lb) | 34.3 (7.7) | 20.8 | 75.0 |  |  |
Primary Endpoints | |||||
 Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.6 (1.1) | 5.7 | 13.1 |  |  |
 SF36—Physical Health | 47.4 (8.9) | 10.4 | 63.0 |  |  |
 SF36—Mental Health | 53.3 (9.2) | 9.5 | 68.0 |  |  |
Secondary Endpointsa | |||||
 Diabetes Empowerment Scale—Short Form | 4.3 (0.5) | 1.1 | 5 |  | 1 |
 Diabetes Symptom Checklist—Revised | 20.4 (21.4) | 0 | 107.2 |  |  |
 Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction—satisfaction | 31.8 (5.1) | 6 | 36 |  | 6 |
 Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction—perceived control | 2.7 (2.6) | 6 | 12 |  | 23 |
 Problem Areas in Diabetes | 13.1 (16.2) | 0 | 82.5 |  |  |
 Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) (# of days in last 7) | |||||
  General Diet | 4.3 (2.2) | 0 | 7 |  | 1 |
  Special Diet | 4.1 (1.8) | 0 | 7 |  |  |
  Carb spacing | 4.1 (2.4) | 0 | 7 |  |  |
  Exercise | 2.9 (2.2) | 0 | 7 |  |  |
  Blood glucose testing (only # times tested) | 2.6 (2.8) | 0 | 7 |  | 1 |
  Foot care | 3.2 (2.5) | 0 | 7 |  |  |
 Communication Assessment Tool—MD items | 4.5 (0.7) | 1.5 | 5 |  | 1 |
 Communication Assessment Tool—staff item | 4.6 (0.7) | 1 | 5 |  |  |
Health Literacy | |||||
 Newest Vital Sign | 3.8 (2.0) | 0 | 6 |  | 2 |
 Newest Vital Sign (% >4 = literate) (median = 4) |  |  |  | 235 (61.8) | 2 |