Table 2 Summary of clinical outcomes, measurement instrument used, and effectiveness for studies reporting a clinical outcome

Proprietary status, Davis 1993 [41]

Composite measure of poor quality based on rates of decubitus ulcers, catheterization, physical restraints, chemical restraints, and drug error rates.

Composite index

Higher scores indicate poorer quality

Mean (SD)

For-profit: 0.34 (2.30)

Not-for-profit: −0.57 (1.87)

Person-centred environment (PCE), Chenoweth 2014 [40]

Agitation

Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) Higher score indicates greater agitation

Mean (95% CI)

Control: 52 (43–61); 51 (41–62)

PCE: 65 (57–73); 55 (46–64); p = 0.04

Quality of life

DemQol-proxy

Higher score indicates improved quality of life

Mean (95% CI)

Control: 101 (98–104); 103 (99–106)

PCE: 101 (99–104); 106 (103–109); p = 0.02

Social interactions and behaviour

Care interaction quality (QUIS)

% interactions positive

Mean (95% CI)

Control: 78 (73–83); 82 (76–88)

PCE: 78 (74–83); 82 (76–87); p = 0.55

Emotional responses in care (ERIC)

% positive

Mean (95% CI)

Control: 25 (20–30); 25 (18–31)

PCE: 23 (18–28); 26 (21–32); p = 0.63

Special care unit (SCU), Swanson 1993 [42] Swanson 1994 [43]

Cognitive status

Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS)

Cognitive dimension, higher scores indicate lower cognitive ability

Mean (SD)

Traditional: 45.38 (15.64); 52.88 (17.89)

SCU: 56.67 (12.94); 59.69 (12.95)

Social interactions and behaviour

Individual Incident Reports (IIR)

Number of catastrophic reactions

Mean (SD)

Traditional: 82; 46

SCU: 156; 48

Function

Functional Abilities Checklist (FAC)

Higher score indicates greater function

Mean (SD)

Traditional: 73.67 (15.41); 71.63 (12.25)

SCU: 76.15 (12.35); 76.23 (9.76)

Geriatric Rating Scale (GRS)

Higher score indicates reduced function

Mean (SD)

Traditional: 30.89 (8.18); 35.13 (10.22)

SCU: 32.69 (7.76); 35.39 (7.38)