Characteristics | Model I (ANC4+) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDHS (2006/07) | PDHS (2012/13) | |||||||||||
Bivariate | Multivariate | Bivariate | Multivariate | |||||||||
OR | CI (95%) | p-value | AOR | CI (95%) | p-value | OR | CI (95%) | p-value | AOR | CI (95%) | p-value | |
Regions/Provinces | ||||||||||||
Baluchistan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Punjab | 4.39 | 3.32-5.79 | <0.01 | 3.01 | 2.21-4.10 | <0.01 | 3.94 | 3.27-4.74 | <0.01 | 2.42 | 1.94-3.03 | <0.01 |
Sindh | 4.95 | 3.73-6.57 | <0.01 | 4.96 | 3.63-6.77 | <0.01 | 5.17 | 4.27-6.25 | <0.01 | 4.30 | 3.45-5.36 | <0.01 |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 2.71 | 2.01-3.66 | <0.01 | 2.27 | 1.64-3.16 | <0.01 | 2.37 | 1.95-2.88 | <0.01 | 2.00 | 1.59-2.50 | <0.01 |
Gilgit Baltistan | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.27 | 2.62-4.08 | <0.01 | 3.69 | 2.84-4.79 | <0.01 |
Islamabad | - | - | - | - | - | - | 21.01 | 15.97-27.65 | <0.01 | 6.70 | 4.86-9.23 | <0.01 |
Geographical classification | ||||||||||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Urban | 3.52 | 3.12-3.97 | <0.01 | 1.37 | 1.17-1.60 | <0.01 | 3.20 | 2.90-3.52 | <0.01 | 1.20 | 1.04-1.38 | 0.01 |
Respondents age | ||||||||||||
15-24 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
25-34 years | 1.23 | 1.06-1.41 | <0.01 | 1.17 | 0.96-1.43 | 0.12 | 1.06 | 0.94-1.18 | 0.35 | 1.04 | 0.88-1.24 | 0.62 |
35 years and above | 0.77 | 0.65-0.92 | <0.01 | 1.10 | 0.83-1.46 | 0.51 | 0.74 | 0.64-0.85 | <0.01 | 1.02 | 0.79-1.31 | 0.86 |
Respondents age at first birth | ||||||||||||
Less than 20 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
20-29 years | 1.48 | 1.31-1.67 | <0.01 | 0.95 | 0.81-1.12 | 0.54 | 1.92 | 1.74-2.13 | <0.01 | 1.18 | 1.04-1.36 | 0.01 |
30 years and above | 1.45 | 1.05-2.00 | 0.02 | 1.12 | 0.73-1.72 | 0.60 | 3.86 | 2.98-5.00 | <0.01 | 1.51 | 1.04-2.19 | 0.03 |
Respondents educational status | ||||||||||||
Uneducated | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Primary | 2.46 | 2.07-2.92 | <0.01 | 1.37 | 1.13-1.67 | <0.01 | 2.85 | 2.47-3.29 | <0.01 | 1.44 | 1.22-1.69 | <0.01 |
Secondary | 5.13 | 4.34-6.06 | <0.01 | 1.92 | 1.56-2.36 | <0.01 | 6.37 | 5.58-7.28 | <0.01 | 2.14 | 1.80-2.54 | <0.01 |
Higher | 14.46 | 11.22-18.62 | <0.01 | 3.63 | 2.67-4.99 | <0.01 | 16.20 | 13.51-19.43 | <0.01 | 3.22 | 2.53-4.09 | <0.01 |
Husbands educational status | ||||||||||||
Uneducated | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Primary | 1.48 | 1.21-1.81 | <0.01 | 0.99 | 0.80-1.23 | 0.95 | 1.76 | 1.49-2.09 | <0.01 | 1.07 | 0.88-1.29 | 0.48 |
Secondary | 2.74 | 2.35-3.20 | <0.01 | 1.36 | 1.13-1.64 | <0.01 | 3.29 | 2.88-3.75 | <0.01 | 1.34 | 1.14-1.57 | <0.01 |
Higher | 5.67 | 4.74-6.77 | <0.01 | 1.53 | 1.21-1.93 | <0.01 | 6.25 | 5.42-7.20 | <0.01 | 1.23 | 1.01-1.49 | 0.03 |
Respondents employment status | ||||||||||||
Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Employed | 0.67 | 0.59-0.77 | <0.01 | 0.98 | 0.83-1.16 | 0.85 | 0.68 | 0.62-0.77 | <0.01 | 0.92 | 0.78-1.07 | 0.27 |
Husbands employment status | ||||||||||||
Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Employed | 1.18 | 0.84-1.65 | 0.34 | 0.94 | 0.64-1.39 | 0.77 | 1.67 | 1.22-2.29 | 0.01 | 1.22 | 0.84-1.77 | 0.30 |
Parity/Number of children | ||||||||||||
5 children or more | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
3-4 children | 1.61 | 1.38-1.88 | <0.01 | 0.97 | 0.80-1.18 | 0.82 | 1.97 | 1.73-2.23 | <0.01 | 1.09 | 0.92-1.29 | 0.30 |
1-2 children | 1.89 | 1.64-2.18 | <0.01 | 1.16 | 0.92-1.46 | 0.20 | 3.15 | 2.80-3.55 | <0.01 | 1.66 | 1.35-2.03 | <0.01 |
Respondents autonomy to healthcare decision-making | ||||||||||||
No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.76 | 1.60-1.94 | <0.01 | 1.26 | 1.12-1.42 | <0.01 |
Exposure to mass media | ||||||||||||
No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.48 | 4.24-5.45 | <0.01 | 1.45 | 1.24-1.70 | <0.01 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||||||||
Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Poorer | 1.54 | 1.21-1.95 | <0.01 | 1.49 | 1.16-1.92 | <0.01 | 1.93 | 1.59-2.32 | <0.01 | 1.41 | 1.14-1.74 | <0.01 |
Middle | 2.32 | 1.84-2.94 | <0.01 | 1.94 | 1.50-2.52 | <0.01 | 2.99 | 2.49-3.58 | <0.01 | 1.83 | 1.46-2.28 | <0.01 |
Richer | 5.25 | 4.21-6.56 | <0.01 | 3.15 | 2.42-4.11 | <0.01 | 6.28 | 5.27-7.50 | <0.01 | 2.64 | 2.08-3.36 | <0.01 |
Richest | 15.42 | 12.33-19.28 | <0.01 | 6.07 | 4.50-8.19 | <0.01 | 20.88 | 17.33-25.14 | <0.01 | 5.27 | 3.98-6.98 | <0.01 |
Distance from health facility for medical care | ||||||||||||
Big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Not a big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.76 | 2.50-3.05 | <0.01 | 0.88 | 0.74-1.04 | 0.13 |
Transport arrangement for medical care | ||||||||||||
Big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||||
Not a big problem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.92 | 2.65-3.22 | <0.01 | 1.21 | 1.03-1.44 | 0.02 |