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Table 4 Distribution of preconception risk factors among women and men in different preconception risk categories

From: China’s community-based strategy of universal preconception care in rural areas at a population level using a novel risk classification system for stratifying couples´ preconception health status

Risk factors

Total number (%)

Risk factors

Total number (%)

Maternal

Paternal

A

Alcohol consumption

72,808(3.40%)

Alcohol consumption

634,547(29.61%)

No intake meat and egg

29,126(1.36%)

Smoking

622,834(29.07%)

Noise exposure

25,267(1.18%)

Preputial ring

84,659(3.95%)

Othersa

82,739(3.86%)

Noise exposure

48,399(2.26%)

  

Pesticide exposure

26,753(1.25%)

  

No intake meat and egg

25,857(1.21%)

  

Organic solvent exposure

24,211(1.13%)

  

High temperature exposure

23,388(1.09%)

  

Othersi

41,492(1.94%)

B

Anemiab

179,941(8.40%)

Abnormal liver function

152,862(7.13%)

Gingival hemorrhage

76,595(3.57%)

Abnormal renal function

26,107(1.22%)

Vaginitisc

49,162(2.29%)

Othersj

9,973(0.47%)

Othersd

12,257(0.57%)

  

C

Abnormal TSH

135,958(6.34%)

HBs antigen positive

135,958(5.87%)

HBs-Ag positive

101,970(4.76%)

HBe antigen positive

101,970(1.68%)

Gynecological diseases history

73,107(3.41%)

Othersk

10,111(0.47%)

Abnormal renal function

57,680(2.69%)

  

Abnormal liver function

54,192(2.53%)

  

Thrombocytopeniab

31,522(1.47%)

  

HBe-Ag positive

31,459(1.47%)

  

Otherse

132,582(6.19%)

  

D

Spontaneous abortion history

57,060(2.66%)

Othersl

4,305(0.20%)

Adverse pregnancy historyf

23,878(1.12%)

  

Othersg

8,873(0.41%)

  

X

Othersh

5,259(0.25%)

  
  1. aincluding 20,647 not eating fresh vegetables (0.96%), 16,435 pesticide exposure (0.77%), 16,049 organic solvent exposure (0.75%), 12,540 radiation exposure (0.59%), 9,717 smoking (0.45%), 5,582 raw meat eating habit (0.26%) and 1,765 heavy metal exposure (0.08%)
  2. bAnemia referred to hemoglobin ranging from 60–109g/L
  3. cVaginitis included 27,657 Candida infection, 11,398 Bacterial vaginitis and 10,107 Trichomonasis
  4. dincluding 10,107 Trichomoniasis (0.47%), 7,672 Toxoplasma gondiiIgM positive (0.36%), 4,545Gonococcal infection (0.21%) and 40 history of psychological disease (0.00%)
  5. eincluding 20,705 Rh negative (0.97%), 9,290 Cytomegalovirus IgM positive (0.43%), 9,266 Chlamydia positive (0.43%), 8,482 Syphilis screening positive (0.40%), 4,395 history of preterm birth (0.21%), 14,383 diabetes (0.67%), 1,830 reported hypertension (0.09%), 1,655 reported history of tuberculosis (0.08%), 1,392 anesthetic drug use (0.07%), 1,327 congenital heart disease (0.06%), 1,018 reported tumor history (0.05%), 897 reported chronic renal disease history (0.04%) and 882 reported epilepsy history (0.04%)
  6. fAdverse pregnancy history included 16,824 with history of stillbirth and 7,054 with history of birth defects
  7. gincluding 4,515 with birth defects (0.21%), 1,527 family history of neonatal death (0.07%), 1,416 mental retardation (0.07%), 923 family history of Mediterranean anemia (0.04%), 254 family history of G6PD deficiency (0.01%), 138 family history of Albinism (0.01%), 92 family history of Down’s syndrome (0.00%), 5 family history of hearing impairment (0.00%), 2 family history of mental retardation (0.00%) and 1family history of visual impairment (0.00%)
  8. hincluding 2,707 severe thrombocytopenia (0.13%) and 2,552 severe anemia (0.12%). Severe thrombocytopenia referred to platelet less than 50*109/L. Severe anemia referred to hemoglobin less than 60g/L
  9. iincluding 18,726 not eating fresh vegetables (0.87%), 9,734 radiation exposure (0.45%), 9,454 raw meat eating habit (0.44%) and 3,578 exposure to heavy metals (0.17%)
  10. jincluding 5,325 spermatic cord varicocele (0.25%), 2,432 hypertension (0.11%), 1,052 congenital heart disease (0.05%), 598 chronic renal disease history (0.03%), 404 epilepsy (0.02%), 159 history of cancer (0.01%) and 3 history of psychological disease (0.00%)
  11. kincluding 7,771 Syphilis screening positive (0.36%), 1,348 anesthetic drug use (0.06%) and 992 reported thyroid disease (0.05%)
  12. lincluding 2,344 with birth defects (0.11%), 658 family history of neonatal death (0.03%), 603 family history of Mediterranean anemia (0.03%), 274 family history of G6PD deficiency (0.01%), 248 mental retardation (0.01%), 138 family history of Albinism (0.01%), 78 family history of Down’s syndrome (0.00%), 4 family history of hearing impairment (0.00%), 1family history of hemophilia (0.00%) and 1family history of visual impairment (0.00%)